UC-NRLF 


B    3    543    bbE 


Four  Southern  Magazines. 


A  DIJ7ERTATION 


PRESENTED  TO 


The  Faculty  of  the  University  of  Virginia  as  a 

Part  of  the  Requirements  for  the  Degree 

of  Doctor  of  Philosophy. 


BY 

EDWARD  REINHOLD  ROGERS. 
June,   1902. 


(COPYRIGHTED.) 


EXCHANGE 


TABLE  OF  CONTEXTS. 


PAGE. 

Preface 5 

Introduction 7 

Chapter  I,  DeBow's  Review 20 

Chapter  TT,  The  Southern  Review 48 

Chapter  III,  The  Southern  Quarterly  Review 61 

Chapter  TV,  The  Southern  Literary  Messenger 92 

Appendix,  Contributions  to  DeBow's  Review  and  the  Mes- 
senger, and  their  known  contributions 115 


814946 


PKEFACE. 


The  four  chapters  of  this  brief  discussion  are  limited  to  four 
of  the  principal  ante-bellum  Southern  magazines — namely,  De- 
Bow's  Review,  of  Xow  Orleans;  The  Southern  Review,  of 
Charleston.  S.  ( '. ;  The  Southern  Quarterly  Review,  also  of 
Charleston.  S.  C. ;  and  The  Southern  Literary  Messenger,  of 
"Richmond,  Virginia.  A  larger  work  was  at  first  anticipated, 
and  much  material  is  now  on  hand  for  a  more  complete  histori- 
cal account  of  Southern  periodical  literature  as  a  whole,  a  work 
which  we  hope  to  finish  soon  ;  hut  the  scope  and  indefiniteness 
of  such  a  task  and  the  difficulties  of  ihe  undertaking-  have  been 
found  too  great  to  admit  of  completion  at  this  time.  Further- 
more, it  is  to  ho  noted  that  the  magazines  here  discussed  are  not 
in  all  cases  chosen  heeanse  of  their  supposed  superiority  in  lite- 
rary merit  to  all  other  Southern  magazines,  for  in  that  ease  at 
least  one  should  give  place  to  Russell's  Magazine,  or  perhaps 
to  others;  hnt  they  arc  selected  heeanse  they  are  not  only  val- 
uable from  a  literary  standpoint,  but  are  also  of  earlier  origin 
than  others  of  like  merit. 

Again,  in  the  summary  given  in  the  Introduction,  no  attempt 
has  been  made  to  include  denominational,  agricultural,  or  tech- 
nical publications. 

Owing  to  the  very  great  differences  in  the  magazines  them- 
selves, it  has  been  thought,  best  to  adopt  different  methods  of 
treatment  in  the  discussion  of  each  one;  for  example,  the  com- 
paratively small  issue  of  the  Southern  Review  has  made  possible 
a  more  critical  discussion  than  was  found  expedient  in  the  ease 
of  such  long  issues  as  those  of  The  Messenger  and  DeBow's  Re- 
view. 

A  further  limitation  will  be  found  in  the  Appendix,  wherein 
is  contained  an  alphabetical  list  of  contributors,  with  their  con 
tributions  to  The  Southern  Literary  Messenger  and  to  DeBow's 


6 


PREFACE. 


Review.  The  other  two  magazines  arc  not  included  in  this  list, 
for  the  reason  that  very  few  of  their  contributions  are  signed, 
and,  consequently,  it  is  practically  impossible  to  procure  a  com- 
plete or  even  a  helpfully  large  list  of  writers.  Moreover,  let 
it  be  noted  that  the  index  here  given  is  made  from  the  magazines 
themselves,  and  hence  does  not  pretend  to  the  completeness  that 
eonld  be  obtained  were  it  practicable  to  use  all  available  outside 
means  of  determining  the  authorship  of  unsigned  articles.  It 
is  hoped  that  this  limitation  will  not  altogether  prevent  the  list 
from  being  helpful  in  proportion  to  the  labor  of  its  compilation. 

The  difficulties  in  the  preparation  of  the  work  have  been  great 
and,  in  some  cases,  so  insurmountable  as  to  necessitate  leaving 
incomplete  important  parts  of  the  discussion.  The  chief  of 
these  difficulties  have  been:  The  scarcity  of  sets  of  the  masra- 
zines,  the  lack  of  conveniences  and  facilities  in  some  of  the 
libraries  visited,  the  poor  indexing  of  the  volumes  themselves, 
and  the  dearth  of  collected  information  about  Southern  periodi- 
cals. In  this  latter  respect,  the  statements  of  such  standard 
reference  books  as  Poole's  "Index  of  Periodical  Literature1'  are 
more  often  inaccurate  and  misleading  than  strictly  correct.  ISTot 
a  few  libraries,  moreover,  have  been  visited  in  search  of  com- 
plete sets  of  the  magazines,  but  in  none  have  there  been  found 
all  the  volumes  of  either  The  Southern  Quarterly  or  DeBow's 
Review. 

For  continued  kindness  and  assistance  we  are  greatly  indebted 
to  the  officials  of  the  library  of  the  University  of  Virginia,  the 
State  Library,  in  Richmond,  Va.,  the  Library  of  Congress,  the 
Mechanics'  Library,  in  Petersburg,  Va. ;  the  Library  of  Ran- 
dolph-Macon College,  and  the  Virginia  Historical  Society. 

Especially  are  our  thanks  due  to  Dr.  Charles  W.  Kent  and 
Professor  -James  A.  Harrison  for  helpful  suggestions,  and  to 
Mi'.  B.  I).  Minor  and  Miss  Burwell  for  valuable  information 
about  The  Southern  Literary  Messenger  and  DeBow's  Review, 

respectively.  Iv   R.  R. 

Richmond.  Va.,  1902. 


INTRODUCTION. 


A  great  deal  has  been  written  about  ante-bt  Hum  conditions  in 
the  South,  and  no  little  theorizing  has  been  indulged  in  by 
writers  who  have  often  lacked  first-hand  knowledge  of  the  sub- 
ject ;  on  the  other  hand,  there  have  been  some  masterly  attempts 
to  give  the  great  sociological  question  adequate  treatment. 
Nevertheless  we  still  lack  a  complete  and  scientifically  accurate 
history  of  the  complexities  and  contending  forces  that  were  active 
in  the  Southern  States  from  the  beginning  of  the  century  to  the 
time  of  the  civil  war.  We  do  not  propose  to  enter  upon  a  dis- 
cussion of  this  extensive  question,  except  in  so  far  as  a  prelimi- 
nary consideration  will  be  helpful  to  a  fuller  comprehension  of 
the  conditions  under  which  the  Southern  magazines  had  their 
beginning;  and  as  this  will  necessarily  render  the  discussion  of 
some  phases  of  Southern  life  and  development  palpably  incom- 
plete, let  it  be  borne  in  mind  that  we  seek  the  relations  of  the 
conditions  to  periodical  literature  alone,  and  to  general  literature 
only  in  so  far  as  such  a  relation  has  an  important  influence  upon 
magazine  support,  contributions  and  editorship.  Obviously, 
then,  the  limits  of  our  discussion  do  not  admit  of  extended  his- 
torical review. 

Tf  we  would  understand  the  later  years  of  a  people's  literature, 
we  must  understand  the  conditions  that  existed  in  the  earlier 
years,  when  formative  agencies  were  most  active,  and  when,  con- 
sequently, the  character  of  later  periods  was  in  large  measure 
determined.  "For  this  purpose,  then,  we  shall  briefly  review  the 
first  years  of  Southern  settlement,  and  endeavor  to  find  in  what 
respects  the  original  conditions  of  the  colonists  have  influenced 
and  moulded  the  general  literature,  and  especially  the  periodical 
literature  of  the  section. 


8  INTRODUCTION. 

First,  let  us  note  what  sort  of  colonists  they  were  who  settled 
in  the  South  and  what  they  sought,  for  this  latter  inquiry  is 
vital  if  we  would  know  what  results  to  expect.  Without  elabo- 
rating the  colonial  history  of  the  Southern  part  of  the  country,  it 
is  for  our  purposes  sufficient  to  say  that  the  colonists  may  he 
divided  into  four  classes — first,  deported  criminals,  constituting 
hut  an  inconsiderable  portion  of  the  colonial  population;  second, 
fortune  seekers,  whose  generally  fulfilled  purpose  was  an  early 
return  to  Europe,  and  who  may  therefore  be  considered  to  have 
exercised  only  an  irregular  influence  on  the  genesis  of  the  peo- 
ple's character,  but  this  influence  was  neither  inconsiderable  nor 
beneficial;  third,  those  who  sought  permanent  homes,  and  whose 
chief  motive  in  leaving'  the  other  countries  was  to  find  in  a  newer, 
wanner  and  more  productive  region  a  less  strenuous  life  of  free- 
dom from  toil  and  governmental  restraint;  and,  fourth,  those  who 
sought  a  refuge  from  oppression  because  of  religion.  Omitting, 
as  unimportant  for  our  consideration,  the  first  of  these  classes, 
for  not  all  the  States  had  such  settlers,  and  in  none  was  their  in- 
fluence long  formative,  we  should  bear  in  mind  that  the  second 
class  was  far  more  considerable  in  its  permanent  influence.  The 
frequent  return  of  fortune  hunters,  after  a  few  years  of  disap- 
pointment and  restlessness  in  the  colonies,  was  a  constant  and 
potent  influence  against  stability,  and  only  too  frequently  led  to 
dissatisfaction  and  turbulence  among  those  who  remained.  The 
third  class  undoubtedly  includes  the  great  majority  of  Southern 
settlers,  while  a  much  smaller  number  would  be  included  in  the 
fourth  (dass,  the  refugees  from  religious  intolerance.  In  this 
fact  there  is  the  most  marked  contrast  with  the  New  England 
colonies,  where,  in  point  of  numbers,  the  two  classes  would  have 
to  be  reversed;  and  the  difference  here  is  surely  the  cause  of 
other  and  later  differences. 

While  the  Massachusetts  settler  was  debating  in  his  town 
assembly  or  in  the  church  the  great  questions  of  theology,  train- 
ing Ids  intellect  and  practicing  his  pen  by  frequent  expositions 
of  the  laws  of  punishment  and  grace,  the  Southern  colonist,  iso- 


INTRODUCTION.  9 

Lated  from  his  fellows  by  miles  of  uninhabited  territory,  was 
leading  a  life  comparatively  without  exertiou  or  stimulus  to  the 
higher  orders  of  intellectual  activity.  What  if  he  did  read  the 
gay  songs  of  the  Restoration,  or  laugh  with  Mr.  Dryden  when 
the  satirist  thrust  home?  That  was  but  appreciation  of  the 
creative  work  of  others  ;  and  it  was  consistent  with  his  easy-going 
mode  of  life  that  he  should  be  content,  though  merely  receptive, 
while  his  \ew  England  neighbor  was  adding  fancy  to  fancy  in 
the  imagination  of  the  "day  of  doom,"  or  adding  to  description 
the  white-hot  eloquence  of  a  living  faith  in  the  terrors  of  "Sin- 
ners before  an  angry  God."  Thus  it  is  possible  to  trace  the  in- 
fluence of  the  motive  that  so  often  impelled  Southern  settlers; 
and  it  would  have  Keen  a  most  unaccountable  phenomenon  had 
the  tendency  to  creative  work  been  as  pronounced  in  the  ease- 
seeking  Southerner  as  in  the  more  industrious  Xew  Englander. 
The  sum  of  the  various  affecting  causes  lies  in  the  fact  that  the 
latter  was  vitally  interested;  the  former  was  not.  And,  more- 
over, the  object  of  the  Xew  Englander's  interest  was  one  that 
demanded  literary  expression,  while  the  Southerner's  practical 
concern  with  agriculture  tended  to  no  such  end;  hut  these  are 
only  evidences  of  the  fundamental  and  vastly  effective  differ- 
ence that  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  Southern  settler  was  seeking 
ease,  while  the  Northern  colonist  was  ready  to  endure  labors  of 
composition  because  of  his  moving  interest  in  beliefs  and  prin- 
ciples. 

What,  it  may  he  asked,  were  the  causes  of  so  radical  a  differ- 
ence in  men  so  nearly  related  in  many  ways,  as  were  the  colonists 
of  New  England  and  the  South  \  First  of  all,  the  geographical 
dissimilarity  of  the  two  sections.  Even  before  the  English 
poets  were  lauding  Virginia  as  "earth's  only  paradise."  and 
writing  in  correspondingly  glowing  terms  of  the  more  Southern 
districts,  travellers  had  carried  back  to  the  old  countries  exagge- 
rated accounts  of  the  mineral  and  agricultural  wealth  of  the 
Southern  coast,  ami  rumor  was  rife  with  reports  of  the  tropical 
luxuriance  and  fertility  of  the  country.      The  spirit  that  had  seni 


10  INTRODUCTION. 

Spaniards  on  fruitless  quests  for  El  Dorado  and  the  Fountain  of 
Youth  was  still  potent,  and  many  an  Englishman  set  out  for  the 
new  land  in  the  full  expectation  of  there  escaping  the  necessity 
for  exertion  in  obtaining  a  livelihood.  The  rock-bound  and  com- 
paratively sterile  coast  of  Xew  England  was  no  lure  for  such 
colonists,  and  so  was  left  an  asylum  for  a  more  energetic  and  in- 
dustrious people.  This  is  no  fanciful  distinction,  but  a  very 
real  and  effective  difference,  whose  importance  is  apparent  if  we 
consider  how  vast  has  been  the  resulting  disparity  of  literary  pro- 
duction. It  should  be  clearly  seen,  too,  that  this  is  not  an  at- 
tempt to  account  for  divergence  from  a  common  starting  point  by 
people  of  the  same  class,  but  an  endeavor  to  show  that  from  the 
outset  there  are  two  very  different  classes,  drawn  apart  by  the 
varying  attractions  of  two  widely  dissimilar  regions. 

A  second  cause  of  the  differing  tendencies  towards  literary 
activity  in  the  two  sections  is  to  be  sought  in  the  consideration  of 
the  difference  in  preliminary  training.  In  the  old  country,  as 
in  the  new,  difference  of  purposes  and  interests  had  been  accom- 
panied by  and  had  caused  difference  of  pursuits,  and  the  set- 
tlers of  New  England  were,  as  a  whole,  better  trained  for  writ- 
ing than  the  generality  of  Southern  colonists.  A  striking  evi- 
dence of  this  is  found  in  the  fact  that  a  far  greater  proportion  of 
the  former  than  of  the  latter  were  college-bred  men  and  students. 

Unfortunately  these  influences  were  not  transient  in  their  in- 
fluence; for  not  only  were  they  strengthened  by  the  continual 
advent  of  new  settlers  so  actuated  and  conditioned,  but  because 
of  their  wide  generality  at  the  beginning  of  colonization  they 
led  to  the  establishment  of  a  popular  disinclination  to  book 
writing,  which  has  always  exorcised  a  baneful  influence  upon 
Southern  letters.  Then,  too,  as  the  population  of  the  Southern 
colonies  increased  there  was  no  corresponding  increase  in  the 
population  of  cities,  but  rather  a  tendency  away  from  the  towns 
t«>  the  isolated  life  of  the  plantations.  In  this  last  fact  lies,  per- 
haps, the  best  explanation  of  the  slow  progress  made  by  educa- 
tion.     Although  the  homes  of  the  plantation  barons  were  near 


INTRODUCTION.  11 

enough  for  frequent  intercourse  between  them,  and  although 
general  visiting  was  perhaps  even  more  frequent  than  in  the  far 
more  crowded  districts  of  other  sections,  the  country  was  not 
thickly  enough  settled  to  support  day  schools,  and  the  result  was 
that  the  sons  of  the  wealthy  were  taught  at  home  by  their  parents 
or  by  tutors,  and  the  sons  of  the  poor  were  not  taught  at  all. 
There  was,  too,  the  additional  disadvantage  of  thus  scattering 
money  that  would  have  been  far  more  effective  educationally  if 
it  had  been  combined  in  the  equipment  of  a  college.  Further- 
more, the  result  of  this  system  was  that  no  finished  or  even  ad- 
vanced culture  could  he  obtained  at  home,  and  consequently 
those  who  could  afford  it  received  their  collegiate  training  in 
England  or  on  the  continent.  Herein  is  another  great  draw- 
hack  to  educational  advancement ;  for  no  people  can  attain  a  high 
grade  of  culture  in  reliance  upon  another  nation  for  the  culmina- 
tion of  its  educational  system.  This  deficiency  in  educational 
advantages,  due  to  the  dispersion  of  plantation  life,  has  been  a 
potent  cause  of  the  tardiness  with  which  a  Southern  literature 
has  been  developed.  A  low  average  of  general  education  not 
only  diminishes  the  available  material  from  which  writers  can 
rise,  but  it  has  a  most  depressing  effect  as  a  preventive  of  a  large 
reading  public,  and  consequent  general  demand  for  literary 
work.  "We  have  said  that  this  state  of  affairs  was  due  to  plan- 
tation isolation  ;  and  it  may  easily  be  shown  that  it  was  not 
wholly  due  to  indifference  on  the  part  of  the  people.  From  the 
very  beginning  the  Southern  colonists  were  careful  to  provide 
for  education,  and,  in  Virginia,  at  least  fifteen  years  before 
Massachusetts  raised  five  hundred  pounds  for  the  founding  of 
Harvard  College,  three  times  that  amount  had  been  collected  and 
plans  matured  for  the  establishment  of  a  college,  whose  com- 
pletion was  prevented  by  no  fault  of  the  colonists.  This  and 
similar  instances,  however,  do  not  establish  the  fact  that  the 
Southern  people  were  constantly  attentive  to  the  cause  of  educa- 
tion ;  on  the  contrary,  closer  consideration  but  serves  to  make  it 
plain  that  in  the  South,  prior  to  the  war,  interest  in  general 


12  INTRODUCTION. 

education  was  at  best  but  spasmodic  and  unsustained.  While 
it  is  true  that  the  isolating-  tendencies  of  plantation  life  were 
effective  to  prevent  combined  activity  in  the  cause  of  education, 

we  must  go  further  than  this  if  we  would  account  for  the  slow- 
ness with  which  it  has  been  realized  that  a  most  important  factor 
in  national  success  is  a  high  average  of  general  education.  We 
must,  then,  in  fairness,  admit  that  there  has  been  a  great  deal  of 
indifference  in  the  South  in  this  matter  of  education.  Even 
after  interest  had  sufficiently  awakened  and  the  country  become 
thickly  enough  settled  to  support  schools  and  small  colleges,  there 
arose  a  most  disastrous  and  short-sighted  opposition  to  the  estab- 
lishment of  common  or  public  schools.  However  strange  it  may 
seem,  it  was  not  long  ago  common  to  rind  Southern  college-bred 
men,  and  even  professors,  bitterly  opposed  to  the  establishment 
of  public  schools;  and  Southern  magazines  contain  frequent 
arguments  against  the  movement  for  popular  education.  The 
cry  of  "paternalism"  was  raised,  and  a  vigorous  effort  made  to 
create  a  genera!  sentiment  of  opposition  to  the  ''free  schools," 
"pauper  teaching,"  and  "charity  instruction."  It  is  undoubt- 
edly true  that  a  great  part  of  this  opposition  came  from  the 
already  established  private  schools  and  their  friends;  but  it  is 
one  of  the  tragedies  of  Southern  history  that  so  great  a  body  of 
people  were  led  into  general  opposition  to  a  movement  that 
opened  the  one  way  to  a  sound  political  and  literary  progress. 

Another  factor  whose  influence  was  potent  in  the  South  was 
the  institution  of  slavery.  Without  going  into  the  discussion  of 
a  problem  that  has  already  tilled  many  a  book,  it  seems  relevant 
to  our  subject  to  indicate  some  of  the  effects  of  slavery  upon  the 
literature  of  the  South.  Let  ns  premise  the  statement,  however, 
with  emphatic  dissent  from  so  astounding  a  proposition  ;is  that 
laid  down  by  a  recent  writer  on  Southern  conditions,  who,  re- 
ferring to  the  attempt  (4  certain  ante-bellum  writers  and  editors 
to  promote  the  realization  of  a  distinct  literature  in  the  South, 
calls  it  an  attempt  "  'to  create  a  soul  under  the  ribs  of  death,"  a 
Southern  literature  under  the  shadow  of  slaverv."      We  have  re- 


INTRODUCTION.  13 

ferred  to  this  statement  as  astounding,  for  it  seems  nothing  less, 
since  it  means  that  its  anther  has  deliberately  dismissed  from 
his  mind  two  of  the  greatest  literatures  the  world  has  known  — 
namely,  those  of  Greece  and  Koine,  for  Sophocles  and  Virgil 
accomplished  what  the  gentleman  would  have  us  consider  the 
miracle  oi  literary  excellence  in  the  presence  of  slavery.  It  is 
undoubtedly  true,  however,  that  in  many  ways  the  in- 
fluence of  slavery  upon  Southern  literature  was  for  had. 
though  not  so  damning  as  such  over-zealous  critics  would  have  us 
believe.  In  the  first  place  it  tended  to  increase  the  general 
avoidance  of  work,  and  so  helped  to  strengthen  the  tendency 
which  we  have  already  noted  as  em-  of  the  misfortunes  of  the 
early  Southern  settlers,  their  seeking  ease  of  life.  With  the  re- 
moval of  many  or  most  of  the  ordinary  cares  of  a  wholesomely 
laboring  community  came  the  shirking  of  other  forms  of  toil; 
and  it  is  perhaps  not  too  much  to  say  that  a  secondary  effect  of 
slavery  was,  in  part,  the  unwillingness  of  most  Southern  men  of 
culture  to  undergo  the  toilsome  drudgery  of  painstaking  and 
self-criticising  composition. 

Another  bad  effect  of  slavery  upon  Southern  writers  was  that 
it  became,  at  the  time  when  a  considerable  artistic  literary  ac- 
tivity would  not  have  been  surprising,  the  one  absorbing  theme 
of  interest ;  and  because  of  the  attack  made  upon  it,  it  demanded 
and  secured  the  service  of  practically  every  literary  man  in  the 
South.  Tims  the  time  that  might  have  been  given  to  more 
purely  literary  activity  was  given  up  to  almost  purely  argumen- 
tative defence  of  a  far-reaching  institution  ;  and  the  total  value 
of  this  great  mass  of  writing  i-  certainly  not  very  great. 

A  third  effect  of  slavery  was  good  :  for  the  paternalism  of  the 
system  gave  a  strong  stimulus  to  kindness  and  benevolence,  and 
the  general  disposition  to  helpfulness,  no!  only  towards  depen- 
dents and  inferiors,  but  also,  as  seen  in  the  chivalry  and  hospi- 
tality for  which  the  South  was  famed,  towards  equals.  No  bet- 
ter proof  of  the  fortunate  effect  id'  this  tendency  could  he  found, 
perhaps,  than  the  fact  that  a  great  part  of  what  is  best  in  the 


14  INTRODUCTION. 

permanent  literature  of  the  section  is  dependent  for  its  charm 
upon  one  or  other  of  these  phases  of  Southern  kindness. 

Another  important  condition  or  influence  in  the  South  is  that 
of  climate ;  for  while  a  Southern  climate,  or  even  an  enervating 
Southern  climate,  is  not  incompatible  with  the  growth  of  a  great 
literature,  its  effect  is  surely  deterrent.  Xot  only  is  this  seen 
in  the  comparative  inertia  of  Southern  peoples,  but  it  is  also,  and 
more  strikingly,  apparent  in  particular  cases  where,  for  example, 
lassitude  or  exhaustion  of  energy  results  directly  from  excessive 
heat.  It  is,  of  course,  a  familiar  fact  that  many  of  the  world's 
greatest  literatures  have  been  written  in  Southern  countries, 
Our  point  here  is  not  that  a  hot  climate  is  less  favorable  than  a 
cold  climate  for  the  growth  of  a  literature,  for  we  should  scarcely 
expect  from  Scandinavia  the  literary  masterpieces  of  Greece; 
but  it  does  seem  indisputable  that,  compared  with  the  relatively 
moderate  climate  of  our  Xorthern  States,  the  depressing  heat  of 
the  average  Southern  State  should  he  less  favorable  for  literary 
work.  We  shall  not  enter  into  this  physiological  question  fur- 
ther than  to  mention  a  striking  case  in  illustration — namely,  the 
announcement  of  the  editor  of  one  of  the  largest  reviews  in  the 
South,  that,  the  excessive  heal  had  made  it  impossible  to  get  the 
magazine  printed,  though  its  printing  establishment  was  in  one 
of  the  largest  cities  of  the  South.* 

Our  discussions  of  Southern  conditions  has  seemed,  no  doubt, 
a  summary  of  only  the  forces  that  militated  against  the  growth 
of  a  considerable  literature;  and.  indeed,  it  must  be  admitted 
that  there  has  been  an  unfortunate  predominance  of  such  in- 
fluences. Ent  there  is  another  side,  though  a  less  conspicuous 
one,  for  there  were  some  strong  influences  for  good  in  the  con- 
stitution and  environment  of  the  Southern  people.  First  of  all 
should  be  noted  the  liberty,  which  was  so  strong  an  element  in  the 
life  of  the  early  settlers,  and  of  the  upper  classes  in  the  later 
years  before  the  war.  Here  we  have  a  marked  contrast  to  the 
condition  of  the  early  New  England  settlers,  whose  life  was  one 

*.T.  D.  B.  DeBow's  Review,  of  New  Orleans. 


INTRODUCTION.  15 

composite  of  restriction  after  restriction.  There  can  be  no 
doubt  that  the  restraint  in  the  Northern  section  has  often  been 
followed  by  a  narrowness  of  view  and  limitation  of  scope  that 
would  not  have  been  found  in  a  later  Southern  literature  had 
not  the  early  advantage  in  this  respect  been  more  than  counter- 
balanced by  other  disadvantages. 

A  second  propitious  phase  of  Southern  conditions  was  the 
romanticism  of  the  almost  feudal  constitution  of  a  great  part  of 
the  population ;  a  condition  which  has  made  the  plantation  life 
the  groundwork  of  some  of  the  most  artistic  conceptions  in  the 
range  of  later  fiction  and  poetry.  This  is  an  influence  that  is 
more  powerful,  in  retrospect,  however,  than  when  it  was  op- 
posed, and  more  than  neutralized,  by  the  isolating  tendency  of 
plantation  life. 

To  come  to  a  more  definite  consideration  of  the  actual  state  of 
literary  journalism  in  the  South  before  the  war  between  the 
States,  we  shall  briefly  review  the  history  of  such  publications 
during  that  time.  For  that  purpose  we  shall  divide  our  study 
into  periods,  as  follows :  T,  the  Beginnings  of  periodical  litera- 
ture, from  the  earliest  publications  through  1800  ;  IT,  the  period 
of  the  Southern  Review,  from  1800  through  183:];  III,  the 
period  of  Awakening,  from  1833  through  1850;  and  TV,  the 
Ante-bellum  period,  from  1850  through  1860. 

During  the  first  period  there  can  scarcely  be  said  to  have  been 
nnv  considerable  body  of  periodical  literature  in  the  South  ;  and, 
indeed,  from  the  period  of  Franklin's  magazine,  in  1741,  and 
its  successors,  until  about  l77fi,  periodical  literature  can  scarcely 
be  said  to  have  existed  south  of  Philadelphia.  By  the  close  of 
the  latter  year,  however,  there  were  at  least  two  Southern  maga- 
zines that  desrve  notice,  the  Carolina  Gazette  mid  the  Virginia 
Gazette.  In  1709,  Richmond,  Va.,  was  supporting,  or  failing 
to  support,  its  National  Magazine;  and,  in  1800,  Charleston 
was  making  the  beginning  of  its  long  succession  of  magazines, 
with   the   Quiver  and   the   Southern    Patriot.      These    publica- 


16  INTRODUCTION. 

tions  scarcely  deserve  much  attention,  and,  indeed,  thev  were 
valuable  chiefly  as  beginnings. 

Vov  the  first  years  of  the  next  period.  1800-1833  inclusive, 
magazine  publication  was  practically  at  a  standstill;  but  in 
1807,  The  American  Qleanor  and  Virginia  Magazine,  of 
Richmond,  Ya.,  was  striving  for  a  circulation  as  Ions  as  its 
cumbersome  title.  In  1811  Nile's  Register  made  its  appear- 
ance, and  began  its  loiig  life  in  Baltimore.  In  1820-'21,  Lex- 
ington, Ky.,  boasted  of  a  full-fledged,  but  ungainly,  Western 
Review.  Tn  1828  Charleston  had  two  new  names  on  its  list  of 
magazines,  the  first  Sou/hern  Literary  Gazette  (not  to  be  con- 
founded with  the  later  publication  of  the  same  name,  edited  by 
Ilayne.  Richards  and  Simms)  and  The  Tablet  In  1828  began, 
at  Charleston,  the  magazine  whose  fame  and  merit  have  led  ns 
to  give  its  name  to  this  period,  the  Son/hern  Review,  a  quarterly 
edited  by  the  Elliotts  and  Hugh  Swinton  Legare.  In  1833, 
Carolina  was  the  home  of  the  Cosmopolitan. 

If  the  name  of  ( laesar's  nephew  had  not  been  bandied  about  un- 
til it  has  become  ridiculous  from  being  applied  to  all  sorts  of  ages 
and  periods,  we  might  well  have  called  this  period,  from  1833  to 
1850,  the  Augustan  age  of  Southern  literary  journalism.  Or, 
as  we  e;dled  ihe  preceding  period  that  of  the  Southern  Review, 
so  I liis  might  be  called  the  period  of  the  Messenger  and  the  Quar- 
terly two  of  the  greatest  of  the  Southern  magazines.  The  first, 
the  Southern  Literary  Messenger,  began  in  Richmond.  \  a.,  m 
1834.  and  the  Southern  Quarterly  Review  was  issued  in  1844, 
first  in  New  Orleans,  and  then  in  Charleston.  In  addition  to 
these,  there  were  the  Southern  Literary  Journal  of  Charleston, 
about  1835;  in  1837  The  United  States  Magazine  and  Demo 
erotic  Review,  of  Washington;  The  Southern,  of  Charleston,  in 
1839;  aliont  this  time,  or  1840,  The  Souther  Rose,  of  Charles 
ton;  in  L841,  The  Magnolia,  or  Southern  Appalachian,  ol  Sa 
vannali.  (la.:  in  1842,  The  Augusta  Mirror  (of  Augusta,  Ga.), 
a  Petersburg,  Va.,  Quarterly  Review  (edited  by  Edmund 
I'lillin).   and    Scar's   New   Monthly   Magazine;    in    1843,    The 


INTRODUCTION.  17 

( 'hicora  (of  ( iharleston  !  ;  in  1.S44,  or  thereabout,  the  Orion ,  first 
in  Penfield,  Ga..  and  afterwards  in  Charleston,  S.  ( '. ;  in  1845, 
Simms'  Southern  and  Western  Magazine  and  Review,  with  its 
monstrous  name,  in  Charleston;  in  1846,  Heriot's  Monthly 
Magazine,  also  in  Charleston;  in  the  same  year,  1S4<>,  DeBow's 
Commercial  Review,  in  New  Orleans,  and  about  this  time  the 
Floral  Wreath  and  Ladies'  Rook,  in  Charleston;  in  1846 
also,  Thorpe  published  his  Rio  Grande;  in  L848,  the  Literary 
Weekly  Gazette  was  published  at  Athens,  Ga. ;  in  1848  also,  the 
Virginia  Historical  Register  (  Maxwell's),  in  Richmond:  and  in 
1849,  the  Schoolfellow's  Magazine,  first  at  Athens,  and  then  at 
Charleston.  The  great  number  of  publications  begun  in  this 
period,  and  the  fact  that  among  them  were  at  least  three  (the 
Quarterly,  the  Messenger,  and  DeBow's)  of  the  best  the  South 
has  produced,  make  this  the  great  period  of  its  magazine  history. 
These  three  magazines  and  others  of  this  time  were  great  factors 
in  the  moulding  of  the  destinies  and  the  issues  that  culminated 
in  the  war  of  the  States,  and  during  this  period  the  best  writers 
the  South  has  produced  were  contributors  to  one  or  more  of  these 
magazines.  To  call  to  mind  some  of  the  most  important  con- 
tributors of  this  period  gives  us  a  list  that  exemplifies  our  state- 
ment of  the  (dass  of  men  who  wrote  for  these  publications:  such 
men,  for  example,  as  Edgar  Allan  Poe,  M.  F.  Maury,  B.  B. 
Minor,  Edwin  Heriot,  William  Gilmore  Simms,  John  R. 
Thompson,  Paul  Hamilton  llavne,  Henry  Timrod,  P.  P.  Cooke, 
J.  D.  B.  DeBow,  J.  ( '.  McCabe,  George  Frederick  Holmes, 
Thomas  Dunn  English,  Beverley  Tucker,  John  Tyler,  Henry 
Tuckerman,  John  P.  Kennedy,  W.  J.  Grayson,  (diaries  Gayarro. 
Governor  Hammond,  and  Dr.  Cartwright. 

The  last  period  might  also  be  called  the  period  of  Russell's 
Magazine,  which  towers  over  all  that  were  begun  between  1850 
and  1860,  and  is,  indeed,  inferior  to  no  Southern  magazine  in 
the  quality  of  its  literary  articles.  Russell's  New  Magaziiu 
was  begun  in  1856.  In  addition  to  these  were,  in  1851,  The 
Magnolia  Magazine  (Baton  Rouge,  La.),  The  American  Union 


18  INTRODUCTION. 

(Jackson,  Miss.),  and  The  Southern  Parlor  Magazine  (Mobile, 
Ala.)  ;  in  1852,  The  Southern  Ladies  Booh  (New  Orleans),  the 
second  Southern  Literary  Gazette  (Charleston.  S.  C),  and  The 
Southern  Magazine  (Mobile,  Ala.)  ;  in  1853,  The  Miscellany 
and  Review  (Memphis,  Tenn.),  and  the  United  States  Review 
(Washington,  D.  C.)  ;  in  1854,  The  Self -Instructor  (Charles- 
ton, S.  C.)  ;  in  1856,  The  Home  Journal;  in  1857,  The  Southern 
Citizen  (Knoxville,  Tenn.)  ;  in  1859,  The  Southern  Aurora 
(Baton  Rouge,  La.),  and  The  Medical  and  Literary  Weekly 
(Atlanta,  Ga.)  ;  and  in  I860,  The  Youth's  Monthly  Magazine 
(Nashville,  Tenn.),  The  Southerner  (Hopkinsville,  Ivy.),  Field 
and  Fireside  (Georgia),  and  a  Nashville  Quarterly  Review. 

Even  so  imperfect  a  list  as  this  necessarily  is,  is  sufficient  to 
show  that  periodical  writing'  must  have  played  a  large  part  in 
ante-bellum  literary  activity,  if,  indeed,  it  was  not  the  chief 
direction  that  activity  took.  It  may  seem  strange,  then,  that  no 
higher  artistic  literary  plane  was  reached,  and  no  better  standard 
established  ;  but  the  deficiencies  of  temperament  and  training- 
were  too  considerable  to  be  overcome  without  a  longer  apprentice- 
ship to  literary  craftmanship  and  purposeful  living;  and  so  long- 
as  composition  was  no  more  than  recreation  and  trifling  to  one 
class,  and  merely  the  vehicle  of  technical  or  political  expression 
to  another,  just  so  long  was  it  inevitable  that  the  products  of  such 
authorship  should  show  almost  fatal  defects.  While,  then,  it  is 
true  that  the  war  withered  and  killed  what  had  become  an  ex- 
tensive periodica]  literature,  and  though  the  recovery  has  been 
long,  arduous  and  incomplete,  it  may  yet  be  that  the  aufJelarung 
will  be  a  blessing  to  Southern,  and  therefore  to  American  litera- 
ture. For  however  hard  has  been  the  discipline,  and  however 
bitter  the  chagrin,  each  year  is  giving  more  evidence  of  freedom 
from  the  old  handicapping  amateurishness  and  dogmatism  and 
grandiloquence;  and  newer  and  fresher  ideas  are  current  in  the 
South;  better  educational  systems  are  being  established;  and, 
with  the  old  past  buried  to  political  memory,  but  alive  to  ro- 
mance and  history,  a  new  and  a  better  literature,  periodical  and 


INTRODUCTION.  19 

permanent,  is  building  among  a  people  that,  by  every  right  of 
heritage,  and  every  present  promise,  may  look,  without  shame 
for  the  past,  to  a  more  glorious  future. 


DeBOW'S  COM.MKKCIAL  review. 


Among  the  men  who  made  Charleston,  S.  C,  a  centre  of  cul- 
ture and  literary  work  in  the  Sonth  before  the  war,  was  J.  I).  15. 
DeBow;  for,  though  a  great  part  of  his  life  was  spent  in  New 
Orleans,  he  was  born  in  Charleston,  and  was  closely  in  touch 
with  the  men  who  constituted  the  Charleston  group  before  1850. 

The  history  of  the  magazine  which  bore  his  name  is  so  closely 
connected  with  the  life  of  DeBow  as  to  be  almost  a  biography  of 
the  man  who  directed  it  from  its  beginning  almost  to  its  end. 
The  personality  which  was  thus  so  effective  in  the  history  of  the 
magazine  should  he  clearly  before  us  if  we  would  properly 
understand  the  purpose,  method  and  results  of  his  work,  and 
consequently  we  preface  our  direct  study  of  the  magazine  itself 
with  a  brief  summary  of  the  events  in  the  life  of  the  editor  be- 
fore he  founded  the  magazine,  in  1846.* 

James  Dunwoody  Brownson  DeBow  was  born  at  Charleston, 
S.  ('.,  on  .Inly  10,  1820.  His  father.  Garret  DeBow,  moved  to 
South  Carolina  from  Xew  Jersey,  and  died  in  poverty  after  an 
unsuccessful  career  as  a  merchant  in  Charleston.  On  his 
mother's  side,  DeBow  was  descended  from  the  Nortons,  who 
were  among  the  earliest  settlers  of  the  State;  and  as  two  of  his 
father's  family,  John  ami  -lame-  DeBow,  fought  with  the  colo- 
nists in  the  war  of  independence,  DeBow  was  certainly  of  the 
truest  aristocracy  a  country  can  have — its  founders  and  de- 
fenders. 

Left  an  orphan  and  in  poverty  at  an  early  age,  1 'id  low  was 
thrown   upon   his  own  resources,   and   worked   seven   years   in   a 

*(iiyarre,  Revived  Series,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  497-8. 


DEBO-w's    COMMERCIAL   REVIEW.  21 

mercantile  house,  where,  in  spite  of  trying  conditions,  he  man- 
aged to  save  enough' money  to  send  himself,  first  to  "Cokesbury 
Institute,  in  Abbeville  District,"*  and  later  to  Charleston  Col- 
lege. Before  his  course  at  the  latter  was  completed,  however, 
his  money  gave  out;  but,  by  dint  of  strenuous  efforts,  he  managed 
to  support  himself  while  continuing  his  studies,  and  graduated 
with  first  honors. 

We  have  a  glimpse  of  the  manner  of  man  he  was  at  this  time, 
in  the  words  of  a  class-mate,  who  says  ;t  "DeBow  went  through 
the  course  in  three  years,  and  took  first  honor.  We  called  him 
'old  DeBow' — he  was  so  earnest  and  untiring  in  his  pursuit  of 
knowledge.  After  studying  most  of  the  night,  he  came  to  col- 
lege in  the  morning  with  that  famous  black  cravat  of  his  tied 
loosely  around  his  neck,  his  hair  dishevelled — his  keen  black 
eyes  sparkling  above  that  nose — ready  for  any  discussion  or  in- 
tellectual tilt."  Incomplete  as  the  account  is,  it  gives  us  an 
insight  info  something  of  the  man's  peculiarity  of  mind,  manner 
and  appearance — the  distinctions  id'  the  individual. 

DeBow  graduated  from  Charleston  College  in  1843,  at  once 
began  the  study  of  law,  and  in  one  year  was  admitted  to  the  bar. 
He  soon  discovered  his  unfitness  for  this  profession,  however, 
and  began  to  devote  himself  to  literary  work  as  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  the  Southern  Quarterly  Review,  of  which  he  became 
associate  editor  in  1844.  Believing  that  there  "was  not  suffi- 
cient vitality  in  the  Southern  Quarterly  to  carry  it  through  a 
long  series  of  years,"  he  gave  up  the  editorship  in  1845  and 
moved  to  New  Orleans,  there  to  found  a  commercial  review, 
which  he  had  first  thought  of  conducting  in  Charleston. 

The  first  number  of  the  Review  was  that  for  January,  1846. 
This  number,  with  those  of  the  five  months  following,  make  up 
the  first  volume.      The  plan  of  issuing  six  numbers  to  the  vol- 


*  Barnwell,  R.  S  ,  Vol.  II,  p.  10. 
t  DeBow,  Vol.  XX  VII    p.  573. 


22  DEBOW'S    COMMERCIAL   REVIEW. 

ume,   and  so  two   volumes   a  year,   was  generally  carried   out 
during-  the  following  years.      The  title  of  the  first  volume  is : 

THE 
COMMERCIAL  REVIEW 
of  the 
SOUTH  and  WEST. 
A  Monthly  Magazine  of  Trade,  Commerce, 
Commercial  Polity,   Agriculture,  Manufac- 
tures, Internal  Improvements,  and  General 
Literature. 

"Commerce  is  King" — Carlyle. 

J.  D.   B.  DeBow, 

Editor  and  Proprietor. 

Vol.  I. 

New  Orleans : 
22  Exchange  Place. 


184-6. 


Tn  this  first  volume  we  have  the  editor's  own  statement  and 
explanation  of  his  purposes  and  plans  for  the  Review:  "We  en- 
title our  work  the  Commercial  Revierv,  not  that  the  appellation 
entirely  satisfies  us,  or  that  it  comes  up  to  an  adequate  expres- 
sion of  its  nature  and  objects;  but  that,  in  the  defects  of  our 
language,  we  could  not,  without  a  circumlocution,  find  another 
phrase  which  would  answer  as  well.  Had  we  said  Practical 
Review,  there  would  have  been,  to  say  the  least  of  it,  some  in- 
elegance and  no  little  ambiguity.      We  establish,  to  be  sure,  a 

commercial  work,  as  much  so  as  Hunt's  is  one but  it  is 

commercial  only  in  the  wiriest  and  most  liberal  construction  of 

the  term. In  the  ordinary  sense  of  the  word,  we  are  more 

than  commercial. For  us  it  shall  be  to  adhere  to  the  West, 

the  South,  and  the  Southwest;  to  take  the  highest  views  in  their 
great,  ever-arising,  ever-augmenting  interests,  to  advocate  their 


DEBOW'S    COMMERCIAL   REVIEW. 


23 


true  and  best  policy,  to  defend  their  rights  and  develop  their  re- 
sources, to  collect,  combine  and  digest  in  a  permanent  form,  for 
reference,  their  important  statistics." 

The  editor  further  points  out  that  his  magazine  is  unique  in 
the  South,  and  that  there  is,  of  its  kind,  "but  one  in  the  North." 
Owing  to  this  fact,  and  to  the  importance  of  the  periodical  as  a 
means  of  developing  the  resources  of  the  country,  the  editor  is 
sanguine  of  its  final  success,  and  asks  general  support  from 
advertisers  and  subscribers. 

The  first  volume  contained  five  hundred  and  forty-four  pages, 
and  as  its  title  would  indicate,  it  was  prevailingly  commercial 
in  tone ;  but  while  the  editor  emphasizes  the  fields  of  manufac- 
turing and  agricultural  interests,  he  is  careful  to  state  that 
literary  work,  while  "the  least  pretending,"  is  none  the  less  to 
be  a  "not  unimportant  work."  This  literary  department  of  the 
Review  is,  in  the  first  volumes,  very  much  subordinated  to  purely 
mercantile  and  statistical  subjects;  but  it  increases  in  impor- 
tance almost  uniformly,  until  finally  the  publication  attains  a 
literary  character  that  would  be  hardly  expected  in  a  periodical 
of  its  name. 

Among  the  principal  contributors  to  Volume  I  were:  I\.  W. 
Alston,  J.  P.  Benjamin,  Geo.  Eustis,  S.  F.  Glenn,  Milton  A. 
llaynes.  Dr.  McCaulay,  and  B.  ~F.  Porter;  but  the  list  of  con- 
tributors to  the  first  volume  is  not  long,  and  the  editor  himself 
composed  more  of  its  pages  than  it  was  necessary  for  him  to 
write  later  on,  when  the  position  of  the  magazine  was  more  as- 
sured and  its  contributors  more  numerous. 

Volume  TT,  which  completed  the  issue  for  1846,  is  consider- 
ably smaller  than  the  first  volume,  and  contains  only  four  hun- 
dred and  forty-four  pages.  This  early  period  of  the  Review's 
history  was  marked  by  extraordinary  efforts  on  the  part  of  its 
indefatigable  editor.  DeBow  had  left  Charleston  to  begin  his 
new  venture  "with  a  diminutive  capital  and  a  very  slender  bag- 
gage," and  the  privations  he  was  forced  to  undergo  during  the 
years   in   which   the  magazine  was  becoming  established   were 


24  DEBOW'S    COMMERCIAL  REVIEW. 

almost  incredible.  Writing  after  DeBow's  death,  ('has.  Gay- 
arre,* his  intimate  friend,  tells  the  pitiful  story  of  the  editor's 
sufferings  from  poverty  while  he  was  giving  his  all  to  the  estab- 
lishment of  his  Review:  "So  limited  at  first  was  the  patronage 
granted  to  the  useful  work,"  writes  Gayarre,  "that  Mr.  DeBow 
very  soon  sunk  his  small  means,  and  its  publication  was  sus- 
pended." Fortunately,  however,  the  enterprise  was  not  perma- 
nently abandoned.  Its  recommencement  was  due  to  the  liber- 
ality of  Maunsel  White,  a  wealths'  and  successful  merchant  of 
New  Orleans,  who  generously  advanced  to  Mr.  DeBow  the 
money  necessary  for  the  establishment  of  the  magazine  on  a  se- 
cure hasis.  Again  the  Review  was  issued  by  its  industrious  and 
self-denying  founder,  whose  manner  of  living  Gayarre  thus 
describes:  "Many  a  night  he  an  1  a  friend,  who  assisted  him, 
toiled  until  nearly  dawn  in  a  small  office  in  Exchange  Alley,  NTo. 
•I'l.  At  that  time  they  both  slept  in  a  room  which  had  been 
given  them  by  J.  ( '.  Morgan,  the  well-known  bookseller  of  the 
epoch."  It  seems  not  impossible  that  ('has.  Gayarre  was  him- 
self the  "friend  who  assisted  him,''  for  it  is  scarcely  possible 
that  another  could  know  such  details  as  he  mentions.  lie  tells 
)is  that  in  this  poor  room  their  "only  furniture  was  a  mattress," 
and  that  their  economy  was  such  that  they  "literally  lived  on 
bread  alone,  with  a  little  butter."  The  addition  of  the  last 
phase  of  the  hill  of  fare,  while  it  detracts  from  the  startling 
effect  of  the  statement,  is  an  ample  commentary  upon  the  faith- 
fulness of  the  report.  This  sad  state  of  affairs  for  two  men  of 
high  purpose  and  culture  is  a  repetition  of  the  old  tragedy  of  the 
garret-room  writer,  and  is  made  even  more  realistically  plain 
when  Gayarre  tells  us  that  their  "daily  outlay  for  the  two  was 
twenty  cents." 

Tt  is  not  wonderful  that  men  who  were  willing  to  undergo 
such  hardships  in  the  accomplishment  of  their  designs  should 
finally  succeed  by  such  strenuous  efforts  in  raising  themselves 
and  their  magazine  out  of  the  poverty  that  had  threatened  to  de- 

*  DeBow,  R   8.,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  497. 


DEBOW  S    COMMERCIAL    REVIEW. 


25 


feat  them.  Soon  the  Review  began  to  extend  its  circulation  and 
influence,  and  this  growth  was  hastened  by  the  work  of  travelling 
agents,  whom  DeBow  sent  out  to  work  for  the  periodical.  Of 
those  agents,  the  most  efficient  were  Foster,  "a  down  Easter." 
and  Price,  "a  Louisiana  backwoodsman."  Soon  DeBow  was 
enabled  to  recoup  Maunsel  White  for  the  outlay  lie  had  made 
when  the  publication  of  the  Review  was  suspended  :  and  from 
this  time  on  the  path  of  the  editor,  while  not  strewn  with  roses, 
was  at  least  free  from  the  thorns  that  had  at  first  threatened  its 
existence. 

On  the  title  page  of  Volume  II  it  is  stated  that  in  New 
Orleans  the  agent  of  the  Review  was  .1.  ( '.  Morgan,  a  hookseller 
of  the  place,  and  that  in  Charleston,  B.  F.  DeBow  represented 
his  brother's  publication.  The  printer  of  the  Review  at  that 
time  was  Joseph  Oohn,  31    Poydras  Street,  New  Orleans. 

The  principal  contributors  to  Yolnnio  11  were:  K.  Abbey,  A. 
W.  Ely,  Robt.  Greenhow,  William  L.  Hodge,  F.  X.  Martin,  T. 
H.  McOaleb,  B.  F.  Porter,  J.  1,  Riddell,  W.  S.  Upton,  and 
Maunsel  White. 

The  third  volume  (January  to  July,  except  June)  contained 
five  hundred  and  ninety  pages,  and  was  thus  the  largest  volume 
published  up  to  that  time.  The  commercial  character  of  the 
publication  is  still  predominant,  and  there  is  little  of  real  lite- 
rary work  in  the  magazine.  The  principal  contributors  were: 
R.  Abbey,  11.  Bry,  J.  S.  Duke,  Dr.  Josiah  C.  Nott,  and  B.  F. 
Porter.  In  this  volume  there  was  no  June  number,  the  issue 
for  July  was  number  six,  and  the  next  volume,  four,  began  with 
September,  1847.  This  interruption  of  the  publication  of  the 
fnagazine  marks  the  struggle  which  we  have  mentioned  above, 
and  which  finally  resulted  in  the  establishment  of  the  Review 
upon  a  more  secure  basis. 

Volume  four  contained  only  four  numbers,  beginning  with 
September  and  ending  with  December,  1847.  The  last  number 
was  delayed  by  the  establishment,  in  its  own  office,  of  a  printing 
house  for  the  Review.      The  printing  of  the  Review  continued 


26  DEBOW'' S    COMMERCIAL    REVIEW. 

to  be  at  22  Exchange  Place,  Xcw  Orleans,  and  the  city  agent  was 
J.  C.  Morgan.  In  Charleston,  B.  F.  DeBow,  of  the  business 
department  of  his  brother's  magazine,  was  succeeded  as  agent 
by  George  Oats  ;  and  the  names  of  agents  in  Cincinnati  and  New 
Fork  are  given.  The  Review  is  "stereotyped  by  C.  Davidson  & 
Co.,  33  Gold  Street,  New  York." 

The  volume  contained  five  hundred  and  sixty-eight  pages,  and 
the  chief  contributors  were:  II.  Bry,  \Y.  B.  Cooper,  Horace 
Greeley,  P.  W.  Gauthier,  G.  P.  Kettell,  B.  B.  Minor,  A.  B. 
Meek,-  -  McCrum,  Dr.  Nott,  G.  P.  Putnam,  B.  F.  Porter, 
Geo.  Taylor,  A.  Whitney  and  R.  A.  Wilkinson, 

Volume  five  (January- June,  inclusive),  1848,  contains  but 
five  numbers,  for  the  issues  of  May  and  June  were  combined  to 
form  one  double  number.  In  this  year,  DeBow  was  appointed 
"Professor  of  Political  Economy,  Commerce  and  Statistics,'"  in 
the  University  of  Louisiana,  Xew  Orleans.  Gayarre  tells  us  that 
this  was  but  "a  barren  honor,"  for  there  were  no  pupils,  and 
little  interest  in  the  subjects  could  be  aroused.  About  this  time, 
too,  DeBow  was  put  in  charge  of  the  State  Bureau  of  Statistics, 
and  he  was  also  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Louisiana  Historical 
Society.  B.  F.  DeBow,  .lames  DeBow's  younger  brother,  pub- 
lished Volume  five  in  Xew  Orleans,  whither  he  had  come  from 
Charleston.  The  volume  contained  five  hundred  and  forty-four 
pages,  and  the  principal  contributors  were:  R.  Abbey,  Thos. 
A  tuck,  Yalconr  Aime,  J.  P.  Benjamin,  II.  Bry,  D.  P.  Benjamin, 
J.  R  Cormick,  J.  S.  Duke,  J.  C.  Dalavigne,  Win.  Darby,  0.  S. 
Farrar,  E.  R.  Fairbanks,  J.  P.  Kettell,  M.  F.  Maury,  J.  W. 
Monette,  J.  T.  Xosbit.  J.  M.  .Miles,  ('has.  Potter,  A.  C.  Van 
Kpps,  and  S.  Weller. 

Volume  six  (July  to  December,  inclusive),  1848,  contained 
only  five  numbers,  for  the  issue  of  October  and  November  were 
combined  to  form  one  double  number.  An  evidence  of  the  in- 
creased circulation  of  the  Review  is  seen  in  the  citation  of  agents 
in  Xew  York,  Mobile,  Boston,  St.  bonis,  and  London,  in  addi- 
tion to  other  agencies  established  before.      An  innovation  in  this 


DE.BOW  S    COMMERCIAL    REVIEW. 


27 


volume    i>   the   establishment  of   a    Literary   department   more 
definitely,  under  the  name  of  the  "Editor's  Ana  Chair." 

A  glance  at  one  of  the  articles  under  this  heading  will  give  us 
some  notion  of  our  editor  when  he  is  not  cumbered  with  his  com- 
merce and  figures.  "Reader,"  he  begins,  "it  will  not  repent  the 
gravest  of  us,  as  Horace  declares,  sometimes  to  have  sported, 
nee  lusisse,  etc.,  or  to  have  thrown  away  for  the  nonce,  as  we  do 
now,  tabular  statements  of  crops,  commodities  and  commerce,  to 
enter  the  field  of  lighter  effort."  After  this  apology  for  the  de- 
sertion of  his  dull  and  dry  statistics,  he  writes  of  "The  Light  of 
Other  Days,"  and  "of  the  faces  that  come  peeping  out  from  be- 
hind the  curtain  of  the  past — the  bright  eyes  and  laughing  faces 
that  seem  to  beckon  us  so  witchingly,  'come  away,  come  away, 
yon  are  with  us  no  more,  and  we  hear  not  your  gay  echoes  mingle 
with  ours — yon  have  the  care-worn  brow,  and  your  tread  is  not 
so  light,  and  the  fires  burn  not  so  in  your  eyes  now,  and  the  heart 
leaps  not  from  its  confines  with  such  tumultuous  swell,  and  the 
spirit  is  tamed — earthward  and  earthbent.'  '  All  of  which 
shows  us  that,  with  all  his  natural  gifts  as  "a  born  statistician," 
our  mercantile  and  matter-of-fact  man  of  figures  had  his  mo- 
ments of  sighing  for  the  sunny  slopes  of  Parnassus.  A  closer 
examination  of  this  article  gives  us,  too,  some  insight  into  what 
had  been  the  hook  journeys  of  the  writer;  for  he  quotes,  even  in 
so  short  an  article,  from  a  variety  of  masters:  Homer  and 
Demosthenes,  in  Greek;  Cicero  (  Pro  Archias),  in  Latin;  and, 
in  English,  Shakespeare,  Pope's  translations.  Goldsmith,  Rogers, 
Moore,  and  others.  Perhaps  in  something  of  the  same  mood, 
and  from  the  same  cause  which  moved  the  science-warped  Dar- 
win, he  laments  that  "the  poetry  of  science  is  all  gone  for  him." 
And,  indeed,  there  is  enough  of  freshness  of  thought  ami  crisp- 
ness  of  style  to  lead  us  to  think  that  had  DeBow  left  his  facts 
and  figures  on  their  dusty  shelves,  he  might  have  made  for  him- 
self a  greater  name  in  the  realm  of  pure  literature;  and  yet  there 
is  something  in  his  prose  style,  that  same  stilted  unnaturalness 
and  cumbersome  sentence  structure  that  has  done  much  to  mar 


28  DEBOw's    COMMERCIAL  REVIEW. 

so  many  of  the  best  productions  of  Southern  letters.  But  this 
fault  is  not  always  present,  and  perhaps  it  might  have  been  over- 
come if  DeBow  had  given  more  care  to  form.  One  of  the  most 
striking  characteristics  of  DeBow's  style  is  his  felicity  and  free- 
dom of  quotation.  Not  rarely  the  quotation  is  just  inaccurate 
enough  to  convince  us  of  its  spontaneity  without  losing  the  cor- 
rectness of  the  reproduced  thought.  Such  an  example  we  find, 
for  instance,  in  the  quotation  from  Demosthenes. 

Tn  this  volume,  the  sixth,  the  editor  states  that,  after  being 
published  nearly  two  years,  the  success  of  the  magazine  has  been 
signal ;  that  its  subscription  list  i«  rapidly  increasing,  and  that  it 
has  a  "larger  circulation  than  any  other  Southern  work,  and  the 
strongest   influence."      The   Review,  he  says,   "has  been  highly 
commended  by    Henry  Clay,  John   C.   Calhoun,  John  Quincy 
Adnnis,  and  others,"  and  he  promises  that  great  improvements 
are  to  be  begun  in  Volume  seven;  such  as,  "Mercantile   Bio- 
graphies," or  lives  of  prominent  merchants  ;  steel  engravings  (  "a 
feature  first  introduced  by  us  in  this  country"),  wood  cuts  and 
maps;  and  the  work  is  to  be  enlarged  so  as  to  contain  one  hun- 
dred and  twelve  to  one  hundred  and  twenty-eight  pages  in  close 
type,  monthly,  and  to  be  issued  regularly  on  the  first  of  wwy 
month.      An  apology  is  made  for  the  delay  in  issuing  some  of  the 
numbers  on  the  ground  that  the  excessive  heat  had  "interfered 
with  the  manual  work  of  printing." 

Volume  six  contained  four  hundred  and  fifty-eight  pages,  and 
the  principal  contributors  were:  M.  F.  Maury,  Dr.  Evans,  J.  B. 
Gribble,  Edwin  Heriot,  S.  F.  Miller,  P.  A.  Morse,  R.  S.  Me 
Culloch,  -I.  Xoyes,  R.  A.  Wilkinson,  and  W.   F.  Wilkins. 

With  the  last  number  of  Volume  six,  that  for  December,  is  18, 
the  publication  of  tin1  Review  was  suspended,  owing  to  financial 
"difficulties,"  and  the  next  volume,  seven,  begins  with  July, 
lsl'.i.  On  page  101  of  that  volume  we  find  the  following  edi- 
torial: "Willi  the  expiration  of  three  years,  and  after  a  tempo 
rarv  suspension,  we  have  recommenced  the  Review  upon  a  tar 
better  basis  than  ever,  with  an  increased  subscription   list,  with 


DEBOW  S    COMMERCIAL  REVIEW. 


29 


good  publishers,  and  the  removal  of  prominent  difficulties.  We 
never  knew  the  number  of  our  friends.  One  sends  $60  in  new 
subscriptions,  another  $50  annually." 

This  volume  (seven)  is  called  volume  one  of  a  "New  Scries," 
l>nt  as  this  commencement  of  a  new  series  is  a  frequent  occur- 
rence in  the  history  of  the  magazine,  at  least  seven  being  noted, 
we  shall  refer  to  the  volume  by  their  whole  series  numbers,  ex- 
cept those  which  constitute  the  "revived,"  or  "after-the-war 
series." 

The  extensive  improvements  promised  in  Volume  six  do  not 
appear  in  Volume  seven,  except  that  one  map  is  inserted,  and  the 
volume  extended  to  five  hundred  and  seventy  pages.  The  chief 
contributors  were:  Woods  Baker,  L.  C.  Beck,  F.  W.  Capers,  J. 
R.  Cockrill,  C.  M.  Emerson,  G.  E.  Fairbanks,  Ellwood  Fisher, 
Robt.  Groenhow,  Governor  Hammond.  Edwin  Ileriot,  R.  IT. 
Marr,  M.  F.  Maury,  M.  II.  ^IcGebee,  H.  B.  Price,  M.  W. 
Phillips  and  Solon  Robinson. 

Volume  eight  (January  to  June,  inclusive),  1850,  contains  a 
renewal  of  the  promise  made  in  Volume  six,  of  enlargement  and 
embellishment.  On  page  500  (No.  5,  May,  1850),  the  editor 
states  that  he  is  "now  sole  proprietor,  as  well  as  editor."  "A 
literary  department"  is  to  be  added,  and  shall  include  "papers 
upon  every  subject  of  letters,  science,  criticism,  foreign  and  do- 
mestic affairs,  poetry,  romance,  etc."  These  improvements  are 
to  begin  with  Volume  nine.  Volume  eight  is  the  largest  issued 
up  to  that  time,  and  contains  live  hundred  and  ninety-two  pages. 
The  principal  contributors  are:  J.  G.  Barnard,  Alex.  Clayton, 
T.  G.  Clemson,  Gov.  Hammond,  Chancellor  Harper,  Ileriot,  H. 
B.  Price  and  S.  Weller. 

En  Volume  nine,  the  introduction  of  a  distinctly  literary  de- 
partment gives  the  Review  a  new  character,  though  most  of  the 
"literary"  contributions  bear  too  strong  an  impression  of  a 
striving  after  effect,  ami  what  might  be  called  amateurishness. 
The  prose  is  too  over-loaded  ami  consciously  oratorical,  and  the 
poetry  too  frequently  imitative  and  defective  in  form.      Among 


30  DEBOw's    COMMERCIAL   REVIEW- 

the  poems  there  are  two  by  Paul  Hamilton  Hayne  that  are 
scarcely  open  to  this  criticism ;  the  first,  entitled  "The  Scioto 
River,"  is  in  number  three  of  this  volume;  and  the  second, 
"Evening  Thoughts,"  in  number  five.  There  are  six  other 
poems  in  this  volume,  and  altogether,  twenty-one  articles  in  the 
Literary  Department. 

Among  the  prose  works,  DeBow's  essay  on  "The  Beautiful" 
is  worthy  of  note ;  for  in  spite  of  its  formal  defects,  it  shows  a 
varied  learning  and  refreshing  vigor  of  thought  and  style.  The 
writer  quotes  from  Waller,  Thompson,  and,  not  very  accurately, 
from  the  Medea  of  Euripides. 

Volume  nine  (July  to  December,  inclusive).  1850,  contained 
six  hundred  and  seventy-eight  pages,  and  the  chief  contributors 
were:  \V.  Adam,  Mann  Butler,  A.  W.  Ely,  Professor  Forshey, 
John  Fletcher,  Gen.  Duff  Green,  P.  II.  Hayne,  Andre  Le  Blanc, 
J.  M.  Legare,  A.  Stein,  J.  A.  Turner,  S.  Weller  and  Emmanuel 
Weiss. 

Volume  ten  (January  to  June,  1851,  inclusive)  contains  an 
index  of  the  first  ten  volumes  of  the  magzine,  a  steel  engraving,  a 
short  story  ("Colonel  Teedriver,  the  Regulator"),  a  poem  by 
Hayne,  a  humorous  article  on  "The  Disadvantages  of  Water," 
a  historical  sketch  of  the  State  of  Mississippi,  a  reply  to  the 
Edinburgh  Review  on  the  slavery  question,  and  a  sketch  of  John 
Randolph  of  Roanoke  (by  the  editor).  These  arc  the  chief  arti- 
cles of  the  new  literary  department  of  the  Review.  There  is  an 
advance  in  merit  of  the  prose,  but  a  deficiency  of  poetry.  Vol- 
ume ten  contains  six  hundred  and  seventy-eight  pages,  and  the 
chief  contributors  were :  G.  W.  R.  Bayley,  Professor  Dew,  Chan- 
cellor Harper,  T.  I!  Ilcwson,  P.  II.  Ilavne,  Dr.  Josiah  Xott  and 
Ed.  Thornton. 

Volume  eleven  (July  to  December),  1851,  contains  six  hun- 
dred and  ninety-four  pages,  and  was  so  much  enlarged  from  the 
former  size  of  I  he  magazine  as  to  he  considered  the  first  volume  01 
a  new  series.  One  of  the  most  noteworthy  articles  in  this  vol- 
ume is  the  "Old   Dominion,"  page  4('».'5.      The  essay,  though  not 


DEBOW'S    COMMERCIAL  REVIEW.  31 

long,  is  an  interesting  review  of  the  earliest  years  of  the  Virginia 
Colony,  and  is  based  upon  Charles  Campbell's  History  and  other 
accounts.  The  principal  contributors  were:  W.  \Y.  Bowie,  S. 
A.  Cartwright,  Judge  Corrigan,  J.  M.  Chilton,  W.  C.  Duncan, 
Professor  Dew,  Professor  C.  J.  Forshey,  Win.  Gregg,  M.  B. 
Hewson,  Dr.  Kilpatrick,  C.  E.  Lester,  M.  J.  McGehee,  D.  J. 
McLeod,  George  A.  Pierce,  -I.  S.  Peacock,  II.  Smith  and  II.  W. 
Waller. 

Volume  twelve  (January  to  July),  1852,  contains  six  hun- 
dred and  ninety-eight  pages,  a  department  of  editorial  notices, 
and  a  noteworthy  article  (copied  from  the  Southern  Literary 
Messenger'),  by  Matthew  F.  Maury.  In  this  volume  the  editor 
continues  his  policy  of  including  purely  literary  articles,  and 
among  these  is  some  moderately  good  notion.  The  biographies 
of  prominent  merchants  are  continued,  and  steel  engravings  of 
their  subjects  are  inserted.  The  chief  contributors  were:  J.  J. 
Abort.  W.  M.  Burwell,  Judge  Corrigan,  W.  C.  Duncan,  A.  \V. 
Ely,  1).  C.  Glenn,  W.  A.  Gliddon,  V.  II.  Ivy,  G.  P.  Kettell,  .1.  A. 
Lumpkin,  M.  F.  Maury,  P.  Phillips,  W.  P.  Riddell,  A.  Stein, 
W.  J.  Sasnett,  Leonard  Wray  and  S.  Weller. 

Volume  thirteen  (July  t<>  December),  1852,  contains  a  con- 
spectus of  a  condensed  edition  of  the  first  ten  volumes  of  the 
Review,  to  be  published  under  the  title  of  "Industrial  Resources 
of  the  South."  Perhaps  the  most  noteworthy  article  in  this 
volume  is  that  on  Southern  School  Books,  page  258.  The  writer 
makes  a  strong  plea  for  Southern  authorship  of  Southern  text- 
boohs,  and  declares  the  existing  custom  of  using  books  written  in 
the  North  and  filled  with  unjust  criticisms  of  Southern  institu- 
tions, a  fruitful  source  of  evil.  "We  do  not  remember,"  says  he, 
"a  single  text-book  of  the  schools  printed  or  published  south  of 
Mason  and  Dixon's  line,  unless  it  be  Peter  Parley's,  at  Louis 
ville" — and  he  loses  no  opportunity  to  vent  his  wrath  upon  the 
said  Peter  Parley. 

This  volume  contains  six  hundred  and  thirty-two  pages,  and 
the  chief  contributors  were:  G.  W.  Bayley,  S.  A.  Cartwright,  A. 
K.  Smedes,  "L.  S.  M.,"  S.  A.  Cartwright  and  Hamilton  Smith. 


32  DEBOw's    COMMERCIAL  REVIEW. 

Volume  fourteen  (January  to  July),  1853,  was  called  by  the 
editor  "Volume  One,  New  Series,"  but  the  whole  series  number 
was  soon  resumed.  This  volume  contained  three  inserted  por- 
traits accompanying-  the  "Mercantile  Biography"  series,  and 
numbers  six  hundred  and  thirty-two  pages.  On  page  524  we 
have  the  announcement  that  the  editor  lias  been  made,  "without 
solicitation,"  head  of  the  census  department  at  Washington. 
The  appointment  was  made  by  President  Pierce,  and  DeBow 
filled  the  office  for  eighteen  months — i.  e.,  until  December,  1854. 
While  in  this  responsible  position  he  compiled  the  octavo  volume, 
"A  Statistical  View  of  the  United  States.''  Iso  change  was 
made  in  the  Review,  except  that  the  editor's  office  was  in  Wash- 
ington, and  he  edited  the  magazine  from  that  place.  Speaking 
for  the  assurance  of  his  subscribers,  the  editor  is  careful  to  state 
that  the  magazine  will  not  be  neglected  because  of  his  added 
duties,  and  he  says  that  he  "has  always  had  the  assistance  of 
able  coadjutors,"  and  that  the  business  department  "is  well  or- 
ganized under  experienced  and  responsible  persons."  The  prin- 
cipal contributors  to  this  volume  were:  B.  T.  Archer,  W.  M. 
Burwell,  J.  II.  Brown,  S.  A.  Cartwright,  Major  Chase,  A.  W. 
Ely,  ( '.  J.  Fox,  J.  W.  Grayson,  J.  Hamilton,  J.  H.  Lathrop, 
M.  F.  Maury,  L.  McKnight,  W.  B.  Price,  Ed.  Ruffin,  W.  G. 
Sykes,  J.  F.  Tuel  and  J.  R.  Tyson. 

in  Volume  fifteen  (July  to  December),  1853,  the  Editorial 
and  Literary  departments  are  diminished  in  extent,  especially 
in  3STos.  1  and  2.  One  of  the  most  noticeable  articles  is  an  ex- 
amination of  Mrs.  Stowe's  "Key  to  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin."  The 
arraignment  of  Mrs.  Stowe  on  the  ground  of  misrepresentation 
is  very  vigorous,  and  the  author  makes  it  (dear  that  in  so  far  as 
the  book  is  based  upon  fact  at  all,  extraordinary  and  highly  ex- 
ceptional occurrences  have  been  represented  as  of  general  preva- 
lence. This  volume  contains  six  hundred  and  forty-eight  pages, 
ami  its  chief  contributors  were:  J.  B.  Anld,  Jesse  Chickering,  J. 
G.  Dudley.  A.  W.  Ely,  Colonel  Gardner,  Dr.  Kilpatrick,  Pro- 


DEBOAV  S    COMMERCIAL   REVIEW. 


83 


fessor  Lieber,  M.  F.  Maury,  J.  W.  Moore,  J.  G.  Moore,  D.  J. 
McCleod,  J.  E.  Tuel,  J.  R.  Tyson  and  -         Van  Eyne. 

Volume  sixteen  (January  to  June),  1854,  shows  a  decided  in- 
crease in  the  number  of  Book  Notices,  but  fewer  periodicals  are 
reviewed.  Since  the  beginning  of  the  magazine  this  literary 
department  has  been  gradually,  though  not  regularly,  increasing, 
and  the  way  has  been  prepared  for  the  prominence  given  to  other 
than  commercial  articles  in  the  next  volume. 

Volume  sixteen  contains  six  hundred  and  fifty-four  pages. 
The  chief  contributors  AA'ere:  R.  W.  F.  Allston,  F.  C.  Barker,  J. 
G.  Dudley,  J.  J.  Henderson,  D.  D.  Leech,  M.  F.  Maury,  J.  I. 
Moore,  L.  Mclvnight,  E.  Newton,  A.  Stein,  J.  T.  Trezevant,  J. 
B.  Wilkinson,  R.  J.  Walker  and  Felix  Walker. 

In  Volume  seventeen  (July  to  December),  1854,  Ave  find  the 
editor's  promise  to  increase  the  size  of  the  work  with  the  next 
number,  for  he  has  given  up  his  census  duties,  and  Avill  now  de- 
vote himself  to  the  Review.  Number  one  of  this  volume  is  a 
very  short  issue.  Number  of  pages  in  volume  seventeen,  six 
hundred  and  forty-six;  chief  contributors:  W.  M.  Burwell,  R. 
Dodson,  A.  W.  Ely,  E.  D.  Fenner,  Charles  Gayarre,  A.  F.  Hop- 
kins, R.  G.  Morris,  John  Perkins,  J.  Rawle,  L.  Troost,  J.  S. 
Thrasher,  W.  H.  Trescott,  S.  R.  Walker  and  J.  H.  Zimmerman. 

Volume  eighteen  (January  to  June),  1855,  began  a  new 
series,  the  sixth  series  so  designated ;  the  series  beginning  with 
this  number,  hoAvever,  is  really  marked  by  a  decided  change  in 
the  character  of  the  publication.  The  Literary  and  Miscel- 
laneous Department  is  much  extended,  and  instead  of  being  rele- 
gated to  a  feAv  pages  of  fine  print  at  the  close  of  the  number,  the 
department  now  has  the  prominent  place  at  the  beginning  of  the 
number.  Articles  of  a  lighter  nature  are  more  frequent;  and 
essays  and  fiction  occupy  much  more  space  than  Avas  formerly 
taken  from  mere  facts  and  figures.  One  of  the  most  valuable 
articles  of  the  volume,  from  a  historical  and  literary  standpoint, 
is  a  sketch  of  Southern  Periodical  Literature  before  1855.  The 
size  of  the  volume  is  now  much  larger  than  before,  and  Volume 


34  DEliOWS    COMMERCIAL    KEVIEW. 

eighteen  contains  seven  hundred  and  ninety-four  pages.  The 
chief  contributors  were:  N".  R.  Davis,  A.  W.  Ely,  C.  G.  Forshey, 
Wm.  Gregg,-  -Garrett  (of  Virginia),  C.  K.  Marshall,  I).  J. 
McLeod.  A.  J.  Roane,  A.  Stein  and  J.  W.  Scott. 

Volume  nineteen  (July-December),  1855,  continues  the  im- 
provement made  with  the  preceding  volume.  Though  not  so 
large  by  sixty-two  pages,  it  contains  articles  of  decided  literary 
merit,  of  which,  perhaps,  the  most  pretentious  is  a  Learned  arti- 
cle, the  first  of  a  series  on  "Law."  One  remarkable  feature  of 
the  volume  is  a  long  and  ponderous  poem  of  nearly  one  hundred 
and  fifty  couplets,  entitled  "The  Indian  and  the  Slave."  With 
a    rare   display   of    prudence,    the   contribution    is   anonymous. 

Volume  nineteen  contains  seven  hundred  and  thirty-two  pages. 
The  principal  contributors  were:  Alann  Butler,  Dr.  Baird,  J. 
Balistier,  Dr.  B.  Dowler,  Robert  Everest,  J.  W.  Grogram,  Chas. 
Gayarre,  Geo.  Frederick  Holmes,  Judge  Loring,  M.  E.  Maury, 
J.  \Y.  Morse,  S.  S.  Miller,  Dr.  J.  C.  Nott,  J.  D.  Orr,  J.  L.  Pey- 
ton. Francis  Poe,  John  Perkins,  Professor  Shepard,  L.  Schade, 
Wm.  Grlmore  Sinuns  and  B.  W.  Whitner. 

Volume  twenty  (January  to  June),  1850,  contains  some  of 
the  best  work,  stylistically  considered,  which  the  Review  con- 
tains. Among  the  best,  certainly,  are  the  article  on  the  Early 
History  of  South  Carolina,  DeBow's  "The  Black  Pace  in  North 
America/'  which  is  a.  vigorous  defence  of  slavery,  and  "Charac- 
teristics of  the  Statesman,"'''  which  is  also  by  DeBow.  In  the 
latter  article  the  writer  is,  for  literary  excellence,  at  his  best. 
The  nature  of  his  subject  gives  him  good  opportunities  to  em- 
ploy the  assimilations  from  what  must  have  been  a  most  compre- 
hensive general  reading.  He  quotes,  or  refers  directly  to,  a 
multitude  of  writers,  ancient  and  modern,  especially  to  Hume's 
Essays,  Butler's  Analogy,  Xante's  Elements  of  Criticism,  Des- 
Cartes,  Uobhes,  Leckie,  Milton,  The  I  laid  and  Pope's  Transla- 
tions, Xenophon,  Demosthenes,  Plato,  Plutarch,  Cicero,  Sallnst. 
the  Codes  of  Justinian,  More's  Utopia,  Montesquieu,  Grotius, 
Coke,  Bacon,  Tlale,  Blackstone,  Franklin,  ( !ousin,  Macaulay  and 


DEBOw'g    COMMERCIAL   REVIEW.  35 

John  Randolph  of  Roanoke.      In  style  this  essay  contains  some 

of  the  best  passages  in  the  Review — witness  such  a  sentence  as 
this:  "The  nations  of  the  civilized  world  have  been  marching 
tivinlv  and  steadily  toward  that  perfection  in  the  economy  of 
States  which  has  been  set  before  their  eves  in  the  bold  concep- 
tions of  those  who,  Sidney-like,  have  had  the  moral  hardihood 
and  daring  to  analyze  the  constituents  of  power  and  work  out 
upon  the  blackboard  of  history  the  great  problem  of  man's  mun- 
dane destiny." 

The  writer  finds  much  to  lament  in  the  political  and  economic 
conditions  of  his  time.  Speaking  of  the  sources  of  political 
evils,  he  maintains  that  there  is  "'too  great  avidity  for  specula- 
tion, trade,  dollars  ami  cents;  too  entire  disregard  of  political 
education;  too  sudden  fulness  and  maturity  of  growth  at  which 
statesmen  arrive;  too  many  hands  at  the  political  bellows,  not 
enough  at  the  plough;  too  radical  a  deficiency  in  moral  and  re- 
ligious instruction" — nor  has  the  world  yet  reached  that  millen- 
nial state  when  the  same  lament  cannot  be  made. 

Volume  twenty  contains  seven  hundred  and  fifty  pages,  and 
the  chief  contributors  Avere :  Thomas  Affleck,  J.  G.  Brannard, 
Win.  A.  Bradford,  Thos.  Bland,  T).  J.  Browne,  R.  G.  Barnwell, 
Thos.  Clingman,  S.  11.  Dickson,  Professor  "Dew,  Wm.  Willott, 
Geo.  Elliott,  Geo.  Fitzhugh,  0.  T.  M.  Garnett,  E.  L.  Gaillard, 
"Edwin  TTeriot,  Geo.  Frederick  Holmes,  Ed.  Ivenna,  R.  G.  Mor- 
ris, Francis  Roe.  A.  J.  Roane,  Robt.  Toombs,  W.  II.  Ti-s-tt 
and  D.  L.  Yulee. 

With  Volume  twenty-one  (July  to  December).  1856,  we  have 
again  the  cry  of  "ISTew  Series,"  the  seventh!  And  there  s^eni^ 
to  be  little  reason  for  it  this  time,  unless  it  be  the  reduction  of 
the  yearly  volume  from  about  seven  hundred  and  fifty  pages  to 
about  six  hundred  and  sixty.  For  one  thing  this  volume  is  es- 
pecially noteworthy — namely,  the  articles  on  "Southern  Author- 
ship and  Text-Books,'1  by  C.  K.  Marshall,  of  Mississippi,  who 
was  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Home  Publications  of  the 
Southern  Commercial  Convention  of  1855  ;  and  the  reply  to  this 


36  DEBOw's    COMMEECIAL   REVIEAV. 

article,  an  able  essay  by  Edwin  Heriot,  of  Charleston,  S.  C.  It 
is  pitiful  to  read  the  laments  of  Heriot  for  Southern  literary 
deficiencies  ;  for  he  knew  only  too  well  the  truth  of  the  condition 
he  describes  when  he  writes :  "Is  it  not  a  notorious  fact,  that 
every  Southern  author,  editor  or  compiler,  who  has  had  the 
temerity  to  try  the  experiment  of  appealing-  to  that  dernier 
resort,  Southern  patronage,  has  been  compelled  to  pay  the  piper 
for  his  patriotism,  instead  of  being  paid  for  his  industry  ?" 
Again,  and  more  specifically,  he  says:  "In  the  Review  and  Maga- 
zine department,  how  generously  we  continue  to  patronize  Har- 
per and  Blackwood,  Godey  and  Graham,  and  the  quarterlies  of 
the  North,  while  the  Southern  Quarterly  is  in  the  very  act  of 
breathing  its  last  gasp,  and  DeBow's  monthly  reduced  to  appeal 
for  its  just  dues."  But,  though  Heriot  laments  the  state  of 
affairs  which  seemed  peculiarly  aggravating  to  him,  who  had 
trod  the  editor's  rough  path,  still  he  does  not  show  that  the  blame 
should  not  in  large  part  rest  upon  the  Southern  periodicals  them- 
selves, which  only  too  often  lacked  proper  business  control  and 
adaptation  to  popular  wants  and  demands. 

Volume  twenty-one  contains  six  hundred  and  sixty-two  pages. 
and  its  chief  writers  were:  W.  M.  Burwell,  Mann  Butler,  J.  M. 
Cardoza,  J.  Donnelly,  R.  S.  Elliott,  Geo.  Fitzhugh,  J.  B.  Floyd, 
-  Grayson,  R.  L.  Gibson-Hewitt,  A.  B.  Hofer,  R.  M.  T. 
Hunter,  Edwin  Heriot,  Geo.  Frederick  Holmes,  J.  Hendley,  Gr. 
P.  Kettell,  L.  X.  Keith,  J.  G.  Kohl,  J.  A.  Lyles,  A.  D.  Mann. 
Francis  Poe,  A.  J.  Roane,  James  Robb,  J.  W.  Scott  and  John 
Tyler. 

Volume  twenty-two  (January  to  June),  1857,  retains  the 
form  reverted  to  with  the  preceding  volume.  A  noteworthy 
article  is  the  appreciative  review  of  the  poems  of  James  Barron 
Hope.  With  the  issuing  of  this  volume,  S.  C.  Martyn  left  the 
business  staff  of  the  magazine.  The  volume  contains  six  bun 
dred  and  sixty-eight  pages,  and  its  chief  contributors  wore:  \Y. 
C.  Barney,  P.  St.  Geo.  Cocke,  Thos.  Clingman,  Chas.  DeFord, 
F.  Doring,  I).  T.  Dawson,  I).  D.  Deming,  Geo.  Fitzhugh,  Ell- 
wood    Fisher,    E.    I).    Fenner,  -  Grayson,   Geo.    Frederick 


DEBOw's    COMMERCIAL  REVIEW.  37 

Holmes,  R.  M.  Johnson,  G.  D.  F.  Jamison,  G.  G.  Kohl,  I).  Lee, 
and  John  Tyler. 

Volume  twenty-three  (July  to  December),  1857,  was  "pub- 
lished in  Washington,  D.  C,  and  in  Few  Orleans."  It  is  no 
longer  stated  on  the  title  page  that  DeBow  is  Professor  of  Politi- 
cal Economy.  In  the  preceding  years  DeBow  had  often  been 
a  member  of  commercial  and  political  conventions,  and  in  1857 
he  was  president  of  the  Knoxville  Convention. 

One  of  the  most  notable  articles  of  this  volume  is  that  entitled 
"Aristotle  and  Calhoun,''  which  is  a  voluminous  consideration 
of  the  analogies  and  antitheses  between  the  economics  of  the  two 
very  dissimilar  philosophers.  The  volume  contains  six  hundred 
and  sixty-eight  pages.  The  chief  contributors  were :  W.  C.  Bar- 
ney, X.  F.  Cabell,  W.  0.  Dennis,  Geo.  Fitzhugh,  Ellwood 
Fisher,  -  -  Grayson,  M.  Gross,  P.  A.  Morse,  E.  A.  Pollard, 
John  M.  Richardson,  Edmund  Puffin,  Professor  Thomassy,  II. 
A.  Weil  and  P.  0.  Weightman. 

Volume  twenty-four  (Janury  to  June),  1858,  was  published 
in  New  Orleans  and  Washington.  In  this  volume  it  is  an- 
nounced that  the  editor  of  the  Review  will  also  publish  the 
"Weekly  Press,"  which  "will  be  devoted  to  light  literature,  po- 
litical information  and  news'1 — price,  $2  per  annum.  In 
Volume  twenty-four  the  customary  editorial  department  is 
omitted.  Perhaps  the  most  noteworthy  article  in  this  volume 
of  the  Review  is  "'American  Literature,"  on  page  17>">.  That 
part  of  the  essay  which  relates  to  Southern  Literature  is  es- 
pecially valuable.  The  volume  is  smaller  than  usual,  for  it  con- 
tains only  six  hundred  and  eight  pages.  The  chief  contributors 
are:  Governor  Allston,  W.  M.  Burwell,  J.  II.  Bell,  X.  F.  Cabell, 
J.  M.  ( lardoza,  S.  IT.  DeBow,  Wm.  Elliott,  Geo.  Fitzhugh,  G.  R. 
Fairbanks,  R.  M.  T.  Hunter,  J.  D.  Mitchell,  Francis  Poe,  A.  J. 
Roane,  P.  G.  Rankin,  F.  X.  Wafkins  and  Wm.  Gilmore  Simms. 

Volume  twenty-five  (July-December),  1858,  was  published  in 
New  Orleans  and  in  Washington.  An  editorial  furnishes  the 
information  that  "Professor  Geo.  Steuckrath,  who  has  been  for 


38  OKIJOWS    COMMERCIAL    REVIEW. 

some  time  In  connection  with  our  Review,  is  now  travelling"  for 
it"  ;  that  the  circulation  of  the  publication  has  so  greatly  in- 
creased as  to  exhaust  the  issue;  that  it  "is  the  intention  of  the 
editor  to  resume  in  December  next  his  residence  (for  some  time 
interrupted)  permanently  in  Xew  Orleans,  where  the  main  office 
of  the  Review  will  be  again  established."  This  main  office  had 
been  in  Washington  during  DeEow's  residence  there  as  superin- 
tendent of  the  census. 

The  volume  is  larger  by  more  than  a  hundred  pages  than  the 
preceding  volume,  and  contains  seven  hundred  and  thirty-one 
pages.  The  "Editorial  Miscellany,"  which  was  omitted  from 
Volume  twenty-four,  is  much  extended  in  Volume  twenty-five. 
The  chief  contributors  were:  W.  W.  Boyce,  John  Baclnnan,  X. 
F.  Cabell,  J.  L.  Cochran,  D.  Christy,  Thos.  Clingman,  S.  A. 
Cartwright,  R.  S.  Coxe,  Dr.  B.  Dowler,  E.  Deloney,  Geo.  Fitz- 
hugh,  C.  F.  Fraser,  -  —Grayson,  M.  Gross,  II.  Hughes,  R.  W. 
Habersham,  D.  D.  Owen,  J.  J.  Pettigrew,  Percy  Roberts,  Ed- 
mund Ruffin,  T.  P.  Shafrnor  and  J.  A.  Turner. 

Volume  twenty-six  (January  to  June),  1851),  was  "published 
in  Xew  Orleans  and  in  Washington,"  according  to  the  title  page, 
though  an  editorial  states  that  DeBow  "is  now  in  Xew  Orleans, 
a  fixture."  The  volume  contains  lengthy  discussions  of  the 
great  questions  which  were  only  too  apparently  about  to  bring  on 
war  between  the  two  sections  of  the  country.  DeBow  was  an 
ardent  secessionist,  and  sincerely  believed  the  welfare  of  the 
South  would  be  best  assured  by  separation  from  the  .Xortb.  In 
addition  to  these  articles  on  political  questions,  the  volume  con- 
tains several  lengthy  articles  on  "Virginia  Genealogy."  The 
magazine  continues  the  increased  size  of  the  preceding  volume. 
There  are  in  all  -'even  hundred  and  sixteen  pages,  and  the  prin- 
cipal contributors  were:  W.  M.  Burwell,  S.  A.  Cartwright,  II. 
M.  Dennison,  Geo.  Fitzhugh,  ■  —  Grayson,  C.  E.Goodrich,  M. 
C.  (livens,  Edwin  Heriot,  -I.  (J.  Harris,  II.  J.  Jewett,  Dr.  Kil- 
patrick,  W.  \Y.  Mather,  Lieutenant  Moffit,  Percy  R.  Roberts, 
Ed.  Ruffin,  (ieo.  Steuckrath,  Geo.  D.  Shortridge,  CO.  Swallow. 
.1.  W.  Scott,  D.  S.  Troy  and  J.  A.  Turner. 


DEBOW  S    COMMEBCIAL   REVIEW. 


39 


Volume  twenty-seven  (July-December),  L859,  "was  published 
in  Now  Orleans  and  Washington."  The  noteworthy  articles, 
other  than  the  omnipresent  discussion  of  State-rights  and  kin- 
dred subjects,  are:  "The  ('(insolations  of  Philosophy,"  written 
by  DelJow  while  at  college,  which  is  erudite  and  scholarly  in 
spite  of  marks  of  immaturity;  and  "On  Popular  Sovereignty," 
an  animated  exposition  of  Southern  Democratic  principles.  The 
book  reviews  in  the  volume  are  more  extensive.  There  are 
seven  hundred  and  thirty-six  pages,  contributed  chiefly  byj  A. 
Battle,  A.  Clarkson,  R.  Cutler,  .!.  A.  Oartwright,  II.  M.  Denni- 
son,  R.  Dodson,  Geo.  Elliott,  George  Fitzhugh,  ( '.  L.  Fleisch- 
man.  -  -  Grayson,  A.  F.  Hopkins,  J.  G.  Harris,  A.  .\L  Lea, 
E.  A.  Pollard,  John  Tyler,  Percy  Roberts,  Ed.  Puffin.  Geo. 
Steuckrath,  A.  Stein,  J.  \V.  Scott,  \V.  II.  Trescott,  Professor 
Thomassy  and  \V.  W.  Wright. 

Volume  twenty-eight  (January  to  dime),  I860,  was  •'pub- 
lished in  Xew  Orleans  and  in  Washington";  but  the  permanent 
office  of  the  Review  was  at  68  ( 'amp  Street,  Xew  Orleans.  With 
t lii ^  volume  the  connection  of  Professor  Geo.  Steuckrath  with 
the  Review  ceased.  A  most  noteworthy  article  in  this  number 
is  "Old  African  and  His  Prayer,"  a  story  of  considerable  skilful- 
ness  of  execution  and  high  ethical  purpose.  The  volume  is  one 
of  the  largest  published,  and  contains  seven  hundred  and  forty- 
two  pages.  The  chief  contributors  were:  A.  Clarkson,  0.  R. 
Collier,  X.  R.  Davis,  II.  M.  Dennison,  J.  R.  Everett,  Geo.  Fitz- 

hugb,  Win.  Gregg, Clarkson,  A.  F.  Hopkins,  J.  C.  Hope, 

I).  II.  London,  Win.  Middleton,  J.  I.  Moore.  John  Tyler,  A.  J. 
Roane,  Governor  Ramsay,  A.  Stein,  J.  W.  Scott,  J.  T.  Wiswall 
and  W.  W.  Wright. 

Volume  twenty-nine  (July-December),  I860,  is,  according  to 
the  title  page,  still  "published  in  Xew  Orleans  and  Washing- 
ton," but  it  is  improbable  that  the  Washington  publication  had 
other  existence  than  the  title-page  mention.  The  notable  arti- 
cles are:  "A  Life  of  Win.  G  Simms,"  by  J.  S.  Moore;  and 
Edwin  Heriot's   "Southern    Want,."      The   latter   article   is  an 


40  OEBOw's    COMMERCIAL    REVIEW. 

able  plea  for  Southern  patronage  of  Southern  periodicals,  and 
is  well  written  by  an  editor  who  bad  suffered  from  the  neglect  be 
deprecated.  The  volume  is  the  largest  published  up  to  this  time, 
and  contains  eight  hundred  pages.  The  list  of  subscribers  is 
large,  and,  the  magazine's  influence  more  extended  than  at  any 
time  during  its  existence.  The  editor  himself  tells  us  that  the 
Review  "is  in  the  very  meridian  of  its  success.'"  The  chief  con- 
tributors were:  S.  A.  Cartwright,  Charles  Cist,  Geo.  Fitzhugh, 
Americus  Featherman,  W.  S.  Grayson,  R.  L.  Gibson,  Win. 
Gregg.  Edwin  EEeriot,  J.  C.  Hope,  T.  M.  Hanckel,  D.  II.  Lon- 
don, d.  T.  Moore,  ( '.  C.  Memminger,  E.  K.  Olmstead,  J.  M. 
Partridge,  J.  Pratt,  John  Tyler,  A.  J.  Roane,  J.  L.  Reynolds, 
Ed.  Rnflm,  J.  W.  Scott,  E.  G.  Squier,  W.  D.  Scott,  J.  A.  Turner, 
J.  T.  Wiswall  and  W.  \V.  Wright- 
One  of  the  most  important  features  of  this  volume  and  of  the 
eight  preceding  volumes,  is  the  work  of  three  Virginia  contribu- 
tors: George  Fitzhugh,  Edmund  Ruffin,  and  A.  J.  Roane.  The 
first  of  these,  especially,  seems  practically  an  editor  of  the  maga- 
zine, for  in  Volume  twenty-nine,  for  example,  he  had  at  least 
eleven  articles,  an  average  of  nearly  two  considerable  articles  a 
month. 

In  Volume  thirty  (  January-June),  1861,  the  bulk  of  the  space 
given  to  articles  of  general  interest  continues  to  be  filled  with 
discussions  of  the  vital  questions  of  the  day.  There  is  a  serial 
review,  beginning  in  the  May  number,  and  continuing  through 
the  June  issue,  of  an  interesting  essay  by  Dr.  S.  A.  Cartwright, 
entitled  "The  Serpent,  the  Ape,  and  the  Negro,"  under  which 
head  the  subject  of  serpent  worship  and  other  African  super- 
stitions is  discussed. 

Volume  thirty-one  (July-December),  L861,  begins  to  show 
very  decidedly  the  hamperings  of  war  times.  It  contains  only 
rive  hundred  and  sixty  pages,  and  a  large  part  of  the  articles  are 
about  the  war  and  kindred  affairs.  An  editorial  tells  us  that 
the  business  office  of  the  magazine  is  now  removed  to  ( Iharleston, 
and  is  under  the  charge  of  the  editor's  brother,  B.   F.   DeBow; 


DEBOW^S   COMMERCIAL   REVIEW.  41 

that  the  Xew  Orleans  office  is  also  open  ;  that  the  coming  of  war 
has  resulted  in  the  loss  of  many  paying  advertisements;  that  it 
has  become  necessary  to  use  small  type,  probably  on  account  of 
the  growing  scarcity  of  paper  and  printers;  that  the  editor  has 
moved  to  Richmond,  Va.,  is  in  government  service,  and  will  edit 
the  Review  from  the  Virginia  capital.  The  "government  ser- 
vice" here  refers  to  DeBow's  appointment  by  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  of  the  Confederate  States  as  "chief  agent  for  the 
purchase  and  sale  of  cotton  on  behalf  of  the  Government." 
Just  before  the  war  DeBow  was  recommended  by  Jefferson 
Davis,  then  Secretary  of  War,  for  the  Chinese  mission,  but 
"patroitic  motives  induced  him  to  remain  at  home." 

This  volume  contains  several  excellent  poems,  notably  John 
R.  Thompson's  "On  to  Richmond,"  written  just  after  the  first 
battle  of  Manassas;  Timrod's  "Cotton  Boll,"  copied  from  the 
Charleston  Mercury;  an  ode  to  "Louisiana";  and  "There's  Life 
in  the  Old  Land  Yet."  The  most  noteworthy  prose  article  in 
this  volume  is  that  on  page  209,  entitled  "The  Puritan  and  the 
Cavalier,"  which  is  an  interesting-  historical  account  of  these 
two  English  elements  in  the  American  colonies. 

The  July  and  August  numbers  were  combined  into  one  double 
number.  The  chief  writers  were:  S.  A.  Cartwright,  Geo.  Fitz- 
hugh,  A.  J.  Hill.  F.  P.  Porcher,  Judge  Beverley  Tucker  and 
Professor  Thomassy. 

Volume  thirty-two  (January- June),  1862,  marks  practically 
the  close  of  the  first  or  "Old  Series"  of  the  Review.  The  editor 
was  busy  with  his  duties  as  governmental  agent  in  the  buying  of 
cotton  ;  and  as  the  stress  of  war  increased,  and  the  Federal  ope- 
rations in  the  Mississippi  began,  it  became  very  difficult  for 
DeBow  to  edit  the  magazine  from  Richmond  and  other  distant 
points,  and  practically  impossible  to  have  the  printing  done  in 
New  Orleans.  The  volume  was  completed,  however,  and  one 
more  number,  that  for  August,  1802,  was  issued.  Publication 
of  the  Review  was  then  interrupted  until  after  the  close  of  the 
war,  when  the  "Revived  Series"  was  begun  in  January,  1866. 

Before  beginning  our  account  of  this  later  series,  let  us  en- 


42  DEBOW  *S    COMMICllCIAX,    REVIEW. 

deavor  to  form  some  estimate  of  what  was  the  condition  of  the 
Review  when  it  was  interrupted  by  the  war  between  the  States. 
If  we  remember  the  humble  beginnings  of  the  magazine,  its 
sometimes  vain  struggle  for  bare  existence,  its  editor's  long  and 
fruitless  pleadings  for  support  by  people  of  his  immediate  sec- 
tion, Ave  shall  be  very  ready  to  say  that  when  the  war  began 
DeBow  had  succeeded.  Not  only  was  the  Review  upon  a  sound 
financial  basis,  with  a  large  number  of  subscribers  ami  a  paying 
list  of  advertisers,  but  its  success  was  also  evidenced  by  the 
greater  influence  it  exercised,  and  the  better  quality  of  the  arti- 
cles it  contained.  Where  the  earlier  volumes  had  offered  us 
invoices  of  the  port  of  New  Orleans  or  tabulations  of  the  cotton 
crop,  were  now  fervent  defences  of  the  assailed  institutions  and 
principles  of  the  South;  where  lu,d  once  been  reprints  from  the 
older  magazines,  were  now  able  original  articles  from  such  men 
as  George  Frederick  Holmes,  William  M.  Burwell,  Dr.  Cart- 
wright  and  George  Fitzhugh.  From  every  standpoint,  then. 
DeBow's  Review  hade  fair  to  escape  the  shoals  upon  which  so 
many  Southern  magazines  had  foundered,  financial  insolvency 
and  popular  neglect;  and  had  not  the  war  cut  short  its  career,  it 
is  not  impossible  that  it  would  have  been  a  potent  and  successful 
influence  for  the  nurture  of  a  growing  Literature. 

From  the  title  page  of  Volume  one  of  the  Revived  Series  (  Jan- 
uary-June), 1866,  we  find  that  the  Review  is  now  to  be  ''Devoted 
to  the  restoration  of  the  Southern  States,  and  the  development  of 
the  wealth  and  resources  of  the  country — a  Journal  of  Litera- 
ture, Education,  Agriculture,  Commerce,  Internal  Improve- 
ment, Manufacture,  Alining  and  Statistics,  and  the  problems  of 
the  Freedmen."  DeBow  continues  to  be  the  editor  and  proprie- 
tor, according  to  the  title  page,  and  (  larlyle  is  still  quoted  to  the 
effect  that  "Commerce  is  King."  The  offices  of  the  Review  are 
given  as,  Nashville,  25  Union  street  ;  New  Orleans,  7  Old  Levee, 
and  130  Canal  street;  New  York,  lo  Broadway.  The  editor 
tells  us  that  his  purpose  is  to  give  his  Review  "a  national  char- 
acter."    The  editor's  office  is  given  as  42    Broadway,  New  York, 

and    Xashville    is   named    as   the  headoua rters  of   the   magazine. 


DEBOw's    COMMERCIAL    REVIEW.  43 

The  volume  contains  two  poems — one,  "The  South,"  by  Win. 
Gilmore  Simms;  the  other,  "Charms  of  Rural  Life,"  poetically 
a  pre-glacia]  monster  of  three  hundred  and  fifty  couplets! 

After  the  war  the  editor  apparently  resigned  himself  to  the 
inevitable;  and,  with  philosophic  seriousness,  set  about  to  make 
the  best  of  a  world  which  had  no  room  for  his  cherished  doctrines 
of  State  sovereignty  and  Southern  sufficiency.  His  editorials, 
consequently,  are  full  of  hopes  and  plans  for  the  future,  and  yet 
he  does  not  deny  himself  the  publication  of  his  "Journal  of  the 
War";  fortunately,  for  it  has  many  elements  of  historical  value. 
The  chief  contributors  were:  W.  M.  Burwell,  R.  G.  Barnwell, 
W.  W.  Boyee,W.  A.  Van  Benthuysen,  W.  A.  Carey,  F.  A.  Conk- 
ling,  A.  Delmar,  J.  I..  E well,  Geo.  Fitzhugh,  C.  L.  Fleischman, 
W.  -I.  Grayson,  ('has.  Gayarre,  II.  G.  FTorton,  Dr.  Josiah  Xott, 
A.  Stein    and  T.  R.  Warven. 

Volume  two  i  Revived  Series,  July-December),  L866,  contains 
the  first  of  a  series  of  articles  by  DeBow,  called  "A  Journal  of 
the  War";  an  account,  based  upon  ;i  dairy  of  events  recorded  by 
him  at  the  time.  Tn  addition  to  the  historical  value  of  this 
Journal,  its  worth  is  increased  by  the  quotation  of  numerous 
poems  written  during  the  war,  such  as  Hayne's  "En  Revanche," 
and  Mrs.  Ellen  K.  Blunt's  "The  Southern  Cross."  Another 
poem  in  this  volume  is  Timrod's  memorial  ode,  beginning  "Sleep 
sweetly  in  your  humble  graves."  The  editor  promises  an  en- 
largement of  twenty  pages  per  number.  The  volume  contains 
six  hundred  and  sixty-eight  pages,  and  the  chief  writers  were: 
Charles  Bohun,  R.  G.  Barnwell,  W.  A.  Cocke,  I ).  Christy,  L. 
Dubois,  John  W.  Daniel,  R.  Hutchinson,  H.  J.  Morgan,  J.  D. 
Xoves,  L.  I).  Sticknev,  A.  Stein,  L.  Spooner  and  G.  I).  Wil- 
liams. 

Volume  three  of  the  Revived  Series  (January- June),  L867, 
marks  the  limit  of  the  editorship  of  its  founder,  who  died  on  the 
27th  of  February,  in  that  year,  while  by  the  bedside  of  his 
brother,  who  was  then  ill  at  Elizabeth,  X.  J. 

On  the  title  page  of  the  volume  we  find:  "Heirs  of  DeBr   • 
proprietors.     R.  G.  Barnwell  and  Edwin  I.  Bell,  editors." 


44  DEBOw's    COMMERCIAL  REVIEW. 

offices  of  the  magazine  are  still  given  as  Nashville  and  Xew 
fork.  The  April  and  May  numbers  are  combined,  and  the 
June  number  was  issued  late.  B.  F.  DeBow,  brother  of  the  edi- 
tor and  business  manager  of  the  magazine,  died  on  the  25th  of 
March,  1867,  less  than  a  month  after  Jas.  DeBow  died.  On 
page  332,  in  the  last  issue  of  the  "Journal  of  the  War,"  is  a 
poem  of  unusual  merit  by  James  R.  Randall.  On  page  4-97,  is 
a  life  of  James  DeBow,  by  his  friend,  Charles  Gayarre,  and  the 
frontispiece  of  the  volume  is  a  large  picture  of  the  editor,  who 
had  made  the  Review  his  life-work.  This  number  also  contains 
Father  Ryan's  well-known  poem,  "The  Conquered  Banner." 
The  volume  contains  608  pages,  and  the  chief  writers  were:  W. 
A.  Cocke,  John  W.  Daniel,  Geo.  Fitzhngh,  C.  L.  Fleischman, 
Geo.  Frederick  Holmes,  Professor  Linebaugh,  J.  A.  Maxwell, 
C.  A.  Pillsbury,  A.  Stein,  Charles  F.  Schmidt  and  John  A. 
Wagener. 

Volume  four  (R.  S.,  July-December),  18<>7,  was  edited  by 
R.  G.  Barnwell  and  Edwin  I.  Bell.  Unusual  space  is  given  to 
Book  Reviews.  Two  of  the  most  notable  features  of  the  volume 
are  the  life  of  DeBow,  on  page  1,  and  Father  Ryan's  poems, 
"Sentinel  Songs."  In  the  latter,  the  author,  lamenting  the 
perishableness  of  monuments  to  the  fallen  soldiers,  and  rejoicing 
in  the  imperishableness  of  songs  to  their  memory,  writes: 

"  And  the  Songs  in  stately  rhyme, 
With  softly  sounding  tread, 
March  forth  to  watch  till  the  end  of  time, 
Beside  the  silent  dead." 

The  volume  is  smaller  than  usual,  and  contains  only  six  hun- 
dred pages.  The  principal  contributors  were:  R.  G.  Barnwell, 
S.  B.  Buckley,  W.  W.  Boyce,  D.  Christy,  Josiah  Copley.  C. 
Deranco,  J.  C.  Delavigne,  Geo.  Fitzhugh,  Professor  Forshey, 
P.  C.  Friese,  Geo.  Fred.  Holmes,  J.  F.  Killibrew,  X.  A.  Knox. 
(1.  Marigault,  C.  A.  Pillsbury,  L.  Spooner,  John  A.  Wagener 
and  Sylvester  Waterhouse. 

Volume  five  (R,  S.,  January- June),  1868,  was  edited  partly 
bv  Ft.  C.  Barnwell  and  partly  by  William  McOleery  Burwell.  of 


DEBOW  S    COMMEKC1AL   REVIEW. 


45 


Virginia.  The  latter  became  editor-in-chief  during  the  publica- 
tion of  this  number,  and  he  continued  to  direct  the  magazine. 
Barnwell  was  associate  editor  and  general  agent.  J.  Wallace 
Ainger,  of  Xew  York,  was  the  business  manager.  During 
March  and  April  the  office  of  the  Review  was  moved  from  !N~ew 
York  to  !STew  Orleans,  its  old  home ;  and,  in  consequence  of  their 
change,  the  May  number  was  so  delayed  that  it  was  published 
under  the  same  cover  with  the  June  number,  and  both  of  these 
issues  were  smaller  than  usual. 

Win.  McC.  Burwell,  the  new  editor,  had  been  for  years  a  fre- 
quent contributor  to  Southern  magazines ;  and,  when  he  took 
charge  of  DeBow's  Review,  he  had  made  a  reputation  as  an 
authority  on  political  and  commercial  economy.  Thus  he  was 
well  fitted  for  the  editorship  of  a  commercial  magazine,  but  he 
lacked  Mr.  DeBow's  enthusiasm  for  literature,  and  so  we  soon 
find  the  magazine  returning  to  its  first  type,  as  a  strictly  agricul- 
tural and  commercial  review.* 

In  conclusion,  we  shall  obtain  a  clearer  notion  of  what  the 
Review  was  if,  after  the  foregoing  synopsis  of  the  series,  we  sum 
up  the  general  features  of  the  work. 

Tt  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  Review  stood,  first  of  all, 
for  the  defence  and  development  of  the  commercial  and  political 
rights  of  the  South,  and  that  the  literary  department  of  its  work 
was  subordinate  to  these  interests.  In  the  first  volume  of  the 
work,  the  editor  defined  the  purpose  of  the  Review  in  these 
words:  "For  us  it  shall  be  to  adhere  to  the  West,  the  South  and 
the  Southwest;  to  take  the  highest  views  on  their  great  ever- 
rising,  ever-augmenting  interests ;  to  advocate  their  true  and 
best  policy ;  to  defend  their  rights  and  develop  their  resources ; 
to  collect,  combine  and  digest  in  a  permanent  form,  for  refer- 
ence, their  important  statistics."  Let  us  consider  how  far  the*e 
high  purposes  were  realized. 

From  a  commercial  standpoint,  it  is  very  certain  that  the  work 

*It  has  been  impossible  to  gain  access  to  the  later  volumes  of  Mr  Bur- 
well's  editorship,  which  are  thus  reluctantly  omitted  from  our  account  of 
the  Review. 


-16  DEBOW's    COMMERCIAL    REVIEW. 

of  DeBow's  Review  was  not  only  helpful,  but  also  extensive,  in 
its  influence.  The  laborious  collection  of  statistics  had  its  re- 
ward in  the  increased  attention  to  scientific  principles  in  agri- 
culture and  commerce,  and  as  a  means  whereby  progress  and 
improvement  should  come.  The  manifold  phases  of  plantation 
life  and  duties  were  frequent  subjects  for  the  pens  of  men  who 
knew  Southern  conditions  and  had. studied  Southern  needs.  X<> 
department  of  the  slave-owners'  world  was  allowed  to  fail  of  its 
share  of  study  and  discussion,  and  such  subjects  as  "An  Over- 
seer's Daily  Routine"  or  "Water  for  Field  Hands  "  were  elabo- 
rated and  argued  about  with  all  the  earnestness  of  a  Milton 
damning  royalists.  This  minute  investigation  extended  also  to 
purely  commercial  inquiries;  and  so  thorough  and  widespread 
was  the  assimilation  of  the  best  results  from  these  economic 
theories  that  the  Southern  States  before  the  war  were  remarkable 
for  general  prosperity.  "The  wealth  accumulated  by  the  people 
was  marvellous/'  says  Henry  W.  Grady;  "Georgia  and  Carolina 
were  the  richest  States,  per  capita,  in  the  Union,  saving 
Rhode  Island."  Surely  not  a  little  credit  for  this  favorable  con 
dition  is  due  to  the  leading  commercial  magazine  of  the  section. 

]STor  were  the  political  purposes  of  the  Review  less  faithfully 
adhered  to:  a  fact  which  is  well  shown  by  the  change  which  the 
magazine  itself  underwent  as  the  inevitableness  of  war  became 
more  and  more  apparent.  DeBow  was  an  ardent  State-rights 
man,  and  as  his  interests  and  those  of  his  compatriots  became 
more  absorbed  by  the  political  questions  of  the  time,  more  space 
was  given  in  the  Review  to  the  discussion  of  the  great  impending 
problems;  and  there  is  much  evidence  that  the  influence  of  the 
magazine  in  these  trying  times  was  very  considerable.  Two 
tacts,  especially,  point  to  this  conclusion — first,  the  prominence 
of  the  men  who  contributed  the  ante-bellum  political  articles; 
and  second,  that  the  Review  was  "in  the  meridian  of  its  success" 
when  it  was  cut  short  by  the  war. 

A  third  department  of  the  Review  remains  to  be  considered — 
namely,  its  literary  contributions.  It  is  to  be  remembered  thai 
the   founder's  aspirations  for  his  magazine   in  this  department 


DEBOw's    COMMERCIAL    REVIEW.  47 

were  relatively  not  so  high  as  his  aims  in  the  other  respects 
already  mentioned;  and  hence  we  should  not  look  for  a  con- 
siderable magazine  literature  aside  from  technical  treatises,  nor 
for  evidences  of  important  literary  influence  exerted  by  the  pub- 
lication. We  shall  find  neither;  but  there  are  artistic  composi- 
tions here  and  there  in  its  pages,  and  not  rarely  our  search  is 
rewarded  with  the  discovery  of  a  stirring  poem  by  Ilayne,  a  well- 
balanced  prose  essay  by  Fitzhugh,  or  a  recreative  fancy  flight  of 
an  editor,  who,  for  all  his  facts  and  figures,  was  not  altogether  a 
stranger  to  the  shepherd's  pipe. 


CHAPTEK  II. 


THE  SOUTHERN  REVIEW. 


( lharleston,  S.  C,  has  been  the  scene  of  many  beginnings,  and, 
unfortunately,  of  nearly  as  many  endings.  In  no  department 
has  this  been  so  pronounced  as  in  that  of  periodical  literature. 
Magazine  after  magazine  has  been  begun  there,  frequently  with 
every  prospect  of  success  that  general  interest  and  editorial 
ability  conld  warrant,  and  yet  some  of  them  have  been  unable  to 
stretch  their  existence  beyond  a  year  or  two.  Even  William 
Gilmore  Simms,  their  literary  behemoth,  saw  his  cherished 
periodical  succumb  after  one  scanty  year  of  publication,  and 
what  could  be  expected  of  others  ?  But  before  Simms  formed 
his  habit  of  setting  journalistic  tombstones  there  had  been  a  con- 
spicuous example  of  how  the  best  laid  plans  may  fail.  Tn  182S 
there  appeared  in  Charleston  the  first  number  of  the  Southern 
Review.  This  was  the  February  number  for  that  year,  and  the 
magazine  was  a  quarterly,  to  be  issued  in  February,  May,  Au- 
gust and  November  of  each  year.  Not  only  in  Charleston  and 
South  Carolina,  but  all  over  the  South,  literary  men  were  deeply 
interested  in  this  work,  and  some  of  the  ablest  scholars  of  South 
Carolina  were  among  its  prominent  contributors.  The  founder 
and  first  editor  of  the  Southern  Review  was  Stephen  Elliott,  one 
of  the  most  learned  and  talented  men  of  his  native  State.  He 
was  born  at  Beaufort,  S.  C,  in  1771.  Like  many  another 
Southern  man,  he  completed  his  education  in  the  North,  which 
had  long  been  more  and  more  regularly  training  the  class  of  men 
who  had  formerly  finished  their  education  in  the  "old  country," 
or   on    the   continent.       lie   graduated    from    Yale   when    twenty 


THE    SOUTHERN    REVIEW.  49 

years  of  age,  and,  retiring  to  his  South  Carolina  plantation 
home,  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  science  and  literary  work. 
Elliott  was  a  man  of  unusual  progressiveness  and  energy,  and  he 
did  much  for  the  cause  of  education  in  his  native  State.  He 
was  the  founder  of  the  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society, 
which  was  organized  in  18115;  and,  after  having  declined  the 
presidency  of  the  South  Carolina  College,  he  founded,  in  1825, 
"The  Medical  College  of  South  Carolina, "  in  Charleston,  and 
was  appointed  professor  of  Natural  History  and  Botany.* 

Of  the  fact  that  Stephen  Elliott,  senior  (for  he  had  a  son  of 
the  same  name,  who  was  also  an  editor  of  the  Southern  Review), 
was  the  founder  and  first  editor  of  the  Review,  there  seems  to  be 
no  doubt ;  but  there  is  some  doubt  as  to  whether  or  not  he  was 
assisted  in  both  capacities  by  Hugh  Swinton  Legare.  In  his 
life  of  Simms,  Professor  Trent  says,  page  55 :  "Elliott  and 
Legare  set  to  work  with  a  will,  and  launched  the  'Southern  Re- 
view/ "  and  he  refers  on  page  56  to  the  "two  editors  from  the 
city  and  State  at  large."  Again,  on  the  same  page,  we  find,  "One 
is  not  surprised,  therefore,  to  read  a  conspicuous  notice  in  the 
fifteenth  number,  requesting  subscribers  to  pay  up ;  or  to  find 
Elliott  and  Legare  withdrawing  and  leaving  their  bantling  to 
die  on  the  hands  of  the  former's  son,  Stephen  Elliott,  Jr."  Thus 
Professor  Trent  would  have  it  that  Elliott  and  Legare  were  the 
founders  and  first  editors,  and  that  their  successor  was  the 
younger  Elliott.  Opposed  to  this  account  is  that  found  in  the 
first  volume,  pages  •'>'.)  sq.,  of  the  Southern  Quarterly  Review, 
which  is  as  follows:  "At  its  commencement  [the  Southern  Quar- 
terly Review  was],  under  the  editorial  control  of  that  profound 
and  elegant  scholar  and  fine  writer,  the  late  Stephen  Elliott, 
LL.  I).  Upon  his  death  the  work  passed  into  the  hands  of  his 
talented  son,  Stephen  Elliott,  Jr.  Mr.  Legare  finally  took 
charge  of  the  work,  and  fully  sustained  the  high  reputation  it 
had  already  attained.'"      This  is  high  authority  for  the  state- 

*  Authorities:  DeBow's  Keview,  vol.  IX,  p.  115;  Southern  Quarterly  Re- 
view, vol.  I,p  39;  Trent  Life  of  Simms,  p  '27;  Richmond  Times,  April  13th, 
1902. 


50  THE    SOUTHERN   REVIEW. 

ment,  since  the  Southern  Quarterly  was  considered  a  renewal 
of  the  old  Quarterly,  and  was  published  in  the  same  city,  and 
since  its  editors  were  Living  at  the  time  of  the  Southern  Review's 
publication.  Again,  we  have  a  similar  statement  in  an  editorial 
of  DeBov'.s  Review,  Vol.  XT,  p.  125:  "The  Southern  Review 
was  published  between  1828  and  1832,  and  edited  successively 
by  those  scholars  of  world-wide  fame,  Stephen  Elliott,  Stephen 
Elliott,  -Jr.,  and  the  late  Hugh  S.  Lagare."  This  account  agrees 
with  that  in  the  Quarterly,  above  referred  to;  and  let  it  he  re- 
membered that  its  author,  DeBow,  was  a  native  of  Charleston, 
and  had  also  been  an  editor  of  the  Southern  Quarterly.  Mr. 
Trent  does  not  give  us  his  authority  for  his  account,  and  we  hesi- 
tate to  accept  his  view  with  such  authoritative  statements  to  the 
contrary.  Furthermore,  in  Mr.  Trent's  own  account,  there  are 
misleading  implications,  aside  from  the  general  statement  of 
Legare's  connection  with  the  Review.  From  the  order  of  the 
statements,  we  should  suppose  that  the  plea,  in  the  fifteenth 
number,  for  payment  of  subscription,  closely  preceded  the  with- 
drawal of  Elliott  and  Legarc.  jSTow,  the  fifteenth  number  was 
issued  in  November,  1831.  and  Stephen  Elliott,  Sr.,  died  in 
1830.  Again,  it  is  a  rather  pleasant  euphemism  to  report  the 
death  of  Elliott  as  his  "withdrawing  and  leaving  their  bantling" 
to  die  on  the  hands  of  his  son.  We  are  forced  to  conclude  that 
the  biographer  of  Simms  had  forgotten  that  the  senior  Elliott 
died  in  1830.  In  the  absence  of  assigned  authority  for  his  ac- 
count, it  seems  reasonable  to  suppose  that  Professor  Trent  as- 
sumed Legare's  editorship  of  the  first  numbers  because  of  that 
writer's  numerous  contributions  to  the  early  volumes.  Tt  is,  of 
course,  very  certain  that  Legare's  interest  in  the  publication  was 
very  great,  and  his  help  both  timely  and  considerable;  but  there 
seems  little  ground  for  maintaining  that  he  was  actually  as- 
sociated with  Elliott  in  the  editorial  chair. 

So  much  for  the  first  editor.  As  to  the  Review  itself,  several 
particulars  of  the  form  of  the  magazine  are  very  noticeable. 
Perhaps  the  first  thing  that  would  strike  the  attention  of  one 
familiar   with   modern    periodicals   would    be    its   simplicity   or 


THE    SOUTHERN    REVIEW 


51 


uniformity  of  arrangement.  No  attempt  was  made  to  make  the 
Eeview  attractive  in  appearance  or  to  secure  the  general  atten- 
tion by  a  show  of  variety  in  its  contents.  There  is  no  division 
into  departments,  and  consequently  monotony  reigns  supreme. 
Opening  the  number  before  us,  we  are  met  by  an  array  of  "Arti- 
cles/' led  by  Article  I,  and  exhausting  the  first  ten  Roman 
numerals.  Exhaustion  threatens  the  reader  also,  at  sight  of  this 
formidable  company,  and  when  the  apparently  less  important 
knowledge  of  the  subject  of  the  essays  is  ascertained,  hope  hVos 
before  the  prospect.  Such  might  very  reasonably  be  supposed 
to  have  been  the  effect  upon  the  average  reader  of  periodical 
literature  when  a  copy  of  the  old  Eeview  was  brought  to  his  at- 
tention, and  we  have  emphasized  this  aspect  of  the  case  in  order 
to  make  it  plain  how  futile  such  methods  of  publishing  neces- 
sarily were,  if  the  editor  sought  popular  support  and  a  general 
circulation.  It  is  strange  that  it  could  be  supposed  that  in  so 
new  and  unsettled  a  country  as  America  was  in  1830  ;i  larg:> 
reading  public  could  be  found  for  a  magazine  whose  piece  de 
resistance  was  sure  to  be  some  such  dainty  morsel  as  a  ponderous 
dissertation  on  '"Classical  Learning/'  by  Legare,  or  a  treatise 
"On  the  Public  Economy  of  Athens, "  by  anybody  else.  Such 
considerations  make  it  very  apparent  that  the  editor  of  the 
Southern  Review  was  far  from  catering  to  public  demands,  and 
was  rather  providing  a  medium  for  learned  discussion  and  ex- 
position than  attempting  to  establish  a  training  ground  and 
vehicle  for  the  merely  literary  men  of  the  section.  The  found- 
ers of  the  Review  had  set  before  them  the  standard  of  the  great 
English  quarterlies,  and,  had  they  fallen  behind  their  models  in 
scholarly  dryness  and  contempt  for  popular  demand,  they  would 
have  considered  their  venture  a  failure.  We  would  not  be  un- 
derstood to  detract  from  the  merit  of  the  essays  themselves,  many 
of  which  are  very  valuable  and  masterly  contributions  to  the 
literature  of  their  subjects;  but  we  do  lament  the  short-sighted- 
ness of  men,  who,  while  really  keenly  interested  in  promoting  the 
welfare  of  their  native  literative,  yet  sacrificed  the  last  chance  of 
making  their  publications  a  power  for  good    by  tilling  the  lie- 


52 


THE    SOUTHERN   REVIEW. 


view  with  essays  so  technical  or  so  purely  scientific  as  to  appeal 
only  to  a  limited  class  of  readers  and  to  repel  the  more  numerous 
remainder.  It  is  true  that  in  the  four  years  of  its  existence 
many  articles  on  subjects  of  general  interest  were  published; 
but  in  any  one  number,  such  articles  were  very  noticeably  a  small 
part  of  the  contents;  and  the  preponderance  of  technical  and 
scholarly  essays  was  great  enough  to  decide  the  character  of  the 
publication — and  to  be  its  doom,  for  the  causes  of  the  Southern 
Review's  early  failure  and  cessation  are  to  be  found  in  itself. 
To  sum  up  briefly,  these  causes  were- — first,  failure  to  adapt  the 
Review  to  the  needs  of  a  new  people ;  and  second,  contempt  for 
means  of  securing  general  attention  and  favor. 

The  title  page  of  the  first  volume  of  the  Southern  Review  was  : 

THE  SOUTHERN  REVIEW. 


Vol.  I. 


FEBRUARY  and  MAY,  1828. 


CHARLESTON: 

Printed  and  published  by  A.  E.  Miller, 

for  the  Proprietors. 


1828. 


The  first  of  these  numbers,  February,  contains  five  hundred 
and  thirty-six  pages,  ten  essays.  Of  these,  the  first  is  "Classical 
Learning,"  which  is  a  very  long  defence  of  the  study  of  the 
classics.     In  it  Hugh  Swinton  Legare,  its  author,*  assails  the 

*  In  general  the  authority  for  authorship  of  articles  in  the  Southern  Re- 
view is  scanty  In  the  case  of  Legare,  however,  there  is  very  definite  in- 
formation, obtained  from  the  collection  of  his  works  edited  by  hie  sister 
and  published  in  1846  by  Burges  and  James,  Charleston,  S.  C.  Of  some 
few  of  the  remaining  articles  the  authors  are  given  on  very  good  authority; 
but  for  most  of  them  we  have  to  rely  on  internal  evidence,  or  such  doubt- 
ful authority  as  the  attachment  of  names  by  former  owners  of  volumes  of 
the  publication. 

Where  our  authority  is  no  more  than  these  last  two  sources,  we  can  only 
refer  the  article  to  its  supposed  author. 


THE   SOUTHERN   REVIEW.  53 

advocates  of  the  new  learning,  and  gives  good  evidence  of  the 
classical  learning,  for  which  he  was  so  famous. 

The  second  article  of  this  first  number  is  a  technical  and  his- 
torical essay  on  the  "Principles  of  Agriculture,"  whose  author 
is  supposed  to  have  been  Dr.  Cooper. 

The  third  article  is  entitled  the  "Execution  of  Col.  Isaac 
Hayne,"  and  is  a  strong  defence  of  a  Revolutionary  hero  who 
was  unjustly  put  to  death  by  the  British.  The  author  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  Robert  Young  Hayne,  the  famous  opponent 
of  Daniel  Webster. 

The  fourth  article  is  a  treatise,  probably  by  Professor  Wal- 
lace, on  "Geometry  and  the  Calculus" — an  article  of  the  kind 
that  subtracts  years  from  the  life  of  any  other  magazine  than  a 
purely  mathematical  publication. 

Article  five,  ''Gaul  on  the  Functions  of  the  Brain,"  is  a  criti- 
cism of  the  recent  developments  of  the  French  physiological 
psychologists.  The  author  is  supposed  to  have  been  Dr.  Cooper. 
The  next  article  is  a  review  of  Scott's  "Life  of  Napoleon 
Bonaparte,"  which  forms  the  startling  point  not  only  of  critical 
remarks,  but  also  of  an  historical  essay  upon  the  "Little  Corpo- 
ral" and  his  times.  The  article  was  probably  written  by 
Stephen  Elliott,  Sr.,  the  editor  of  the  Review. 

Article  seven  is  an  essay  upon  "Political  Economy,"  especially 
the  department  of  "Rent."     The  supposed  author  is  Cardoza. 

Article  eight,  probably  by  Judge  Harper,  discusses  the  "Colo- 
nization Society." 

The  next  article  is  the  "Geology  and  Mineralogy  of  North 
Carolina,"  probably  by  Dr.  Cooper. 

The  last  article  of  the  number,  ten,  is  a  review  of  The  Talis- 
man, a  New  York  annual  for  1828. 

The  second  number  of  the  first  volume  contains  nine  long  arti- 
cles, as  follows:  "On  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,"  sup- 
posedly by  Stephen  Elliott,  Sr. :  a  review  of  "Xiebuhrs  Roman 
History,"  probably  by  Robert  Henry;  "Begin's  'Therapeutics,"  ' 
very  probably  by  Dr.  Cooper;  a  fifty-two  page  essay,  by  Legare, 
on  "Roman  Literature" ;  "Life  of  Wvttenbach,"  a  review  sup- 


54  THE    SOUTHERN    REVIEW. 

posed  to  have  been  written  by  Dr.  Josiah  !Nott;  ''Poems  of  James 
Percival,"  reviewed  most  scathingly  by  Legare,  who  speaks  of 
them  as  "such  incoherent,  undefined  and  shapeless  fantasies  as 
may  be  supposed  to  float  about  at  random  in  the  brain  of  a  poeti- 
cal opium  eater";  a  review  of  Butler's  "Life  of  Hugo  Grotius," 
probably  by  Grimke;  "On  the  Monitorial  System  of  Instruc- 
tion" ;  "( 'raft's  Fugitive  Writings,  With  Selections,"  a  vigorous 
essay  by  Lagare,  who  is  moved  by  his  late  fellow-citizen's  verse 
to  ask,  "l)o  nonsense  and  vulgarity  cease  to  be  so  because  they 
are  aggravated  by  doggerel  ?"  The  review  is  not  wholly  destruc- 
tive, however,  for  Legare  finds  not  a  few  things  to  admire,  and 
says  so  with  a  frankness  that  shows  bis  criticism  is  not  unfair  or 
spiteful. 

The  second  volume  contains  two  numbers,  those  for  August 
and  November,  1828.  The  first  of  these,  which  is  number  three 
of  the  whole  series,  contains  ten  articles — "A  Review  of  Wash- 
ington [rving's  'Columbus',"  which  is  attributed  to  Legare,  but 
the  authority  seems  to  be  of  very  doubtful  validity  ;  the  reviewer 
commends  both  form  and  matter  of  the  book,  and  lias  little  fault 
to  find  with  either;  "Origin  of  Rhymes,"  an  ''examination  of  the 
claims  of  Arabic  literature  to  be  accounted  the  author  (sic)  of 
rhyme  of  the  poetry  of  (  'hristian  Europe" — supposedly  by 
(Irimke;  "Kent's  Commentaries,"  a  forty  page  review  by  Le- 
gare; a  review  of  M.  (Jamba's  "Travels  in  the  South  of  Russia"  ; 
an  essay  attributed  to  Dr.  S.  11.  Dickson,  on  "Malaria";  "Flint's 
'Valley  of  the  Mississippi',"  a  review  whose  author  is  supposed 
to  have  been  Prioleau;  the  conclusion  of  Article  YT,  Vol.  I,  on 
Scott's  "Life  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte,"  supposed  to  be  by 
Stephen  Elliott,  Sr. ;  review  of  a  poem,  "The  Omnipresence  of 
the  Deity,"  by  Robert  Montgomery.  The  last  article  is  a  satiri- 
cal and  sharply  destructive  criticism,  which  bears  many  marks 
of  Legare's  pronounced  style,  and  was  probably  written  by  him, 
though  it  is  not  generally  contained  in  the  lists  of  bis  works. 

The  November  number  contains  ten  essays;  "On  the  Religion 
of  the  American  Indians  ;"  "American  Naval  History,"  probably 
by  Robert  Young  Hayne ;   "Review  of  Spark's    Life  of  John 


THE    SOUTHERN    REVIEW. 


55 


Ledyard;"  "Views  of  Nature,"  an  essay  wherein  the  author, 
probably  Stephen  Elliott,  the  editor,  opposes  the  extreme  views 
of  evolutionistic  cosmogeny;  "The  Federal  Constitution,"  an 
interpretation  from  the  standpoint  of  the  State-rights  party, 
supposed  to  be  by  Col.  McOord;  a  review,  sometimes  attributed 
to  Legare,  of  Pollock's  "Course  of  Time;"  "Internal  Improve- 
ments," probably  by  the  editor,  Elliott;  "Roman  Orators"  (a 
continuation  of  Article  IV,  Vol.  I,  Xo  2,  by  Legare),  in  which 
the  central  topic  is  the  relative  merits  of  Cicero  and  Demosthe- 
nes as  orators.  Legare,  while  pointing  out  particulars  in  which 
Cicero  surpassed,  is  emphatic  for  the  superiority  of  the  Greek. 
"The  Georgia  Controversy,"  a  State-rights  discussion,  written, 
it  is  supposed,  by  Drayton;  the  last  article  of  the  number,  "The 
Tariff,"  by  "one  of  our  most  able  statesmen,"  probably  Mc- 
Duffie. 

Volume  III  contains  the  numbers  for  February  and  May,  re- 
spectively, and  begins  the  issue  for  1829. 

The  February  number  contains:  "The  Law  of  Tenures,"  a 
review  of  a  work  by  James  Humphrey,  an  Englishman,  on  real 
property.  This  is  one  of  the  best  known  of  Legare's  contribu- 
tions to  the  Review;  "Romances  of  the  Baron  Motte  Fouque,"  a 
review  supposed  to  be  by  Robert  Henry,  who  strangely  divides 
fiction  into  "Southern,  Northern,  Oriental  and  Mixed,"  and  dis- 
cusses the  chief  faults  of  modern  romance;  "Court  of  Chan- 
cery," a  technical  law  treatise,  attributed  to  Pettigrn  ;  "Life  of 
Erasmus,"  a  review  probably  by  Dr.  Josiah  Xott,  of  a  biography 
by  (diaries  Butler;  a  review  of  "Thomas  Brown's  Philosophy  of 
the  Human  Mind,"  supposed  to  have  been  written  by  the  Rev. 
Dr.  Oilman,  who  finds  much  to  praise,  but  not  enough  to  keep 
him  from  pronouncing  the  philosopher  "not  a  profound  thinker." 
The  article  is  incorrectly  numbered  TV,  instead  of  V;  "Origin 
of  Rhyme,"  a  thirty-six  page  continuation  of  Article  2,  Vol.  IT, 
Xo  1,  supposedly  by  Grimke;  a  sparkling  review  of  the  "Travels 
of  the  Dnke  of  Saxe- Weimar  "  in  America,  supposed  to  have 
been  written  by  Legare;  a  review  of  "The  Celtic  Druids,"  of 
Godfrey  Higgins,  probably  by  Dr.  Cooper ;  and  a  review,  snp- 


56 


THE    SOUTHERN    REVIEW. 


posed  to  be  by  McCord,  of  "Walsh's  ''Narrative  of  his  Journey 
from  Constantinople  to  England." 

The  May  number,  VI  of  the  whole  series,  contains  ten  re- 
views. First,  a  review  of  Sir  John  Franklin's  narrative  of  his 
second  Polar  Expedition ;  second,  "The  Cambridge  Course  of 
Mathematics,"  probably  by  Professor  Wallace;  third,  a  review, 
attributed  to  Professor  Wallace,  of  "Stuart's  Commentary  on 
Hebrews";  fourth,  a  review  of  a  French  work  by  Blachette,  on 
"Sugar."  probably  by  Stephen  Elliott;  fifth,  "Goethe's  'Wilhelm 
Meister',"  reviewed,  it  is  supposed,  by  Robert  Henry;  sixth, 
"'.Memoirs  of  Dr.  Parr,"  attributed  to  Dr.  Nott;  seventh,  a  very 
much  out  of  place,  but  witty,  essay  on  "The  French  Cook"; 
eighth,  "Law  and  Lawyers."  supposed  to  be  by  Prioleau  ;  ninth, 
"Liberty  of  the  Press — Sedition  Law  of  '08";  tenth,  a  review 
of — first,  "The  Disowned";  second,  "Tales  of  the  Great  St. 
Bernard."  .  This  article  is  attributed  to  Hugh  S.  Legare,  and 
it  is  typically  vigorous,  keen  and  yet  fair. 

Volume  IV  completes  the  year  1829,  and  contains  the  usual 
two  numbers,  in  this  case  for  August  and  November,  1829. 
The  first  of  these,  Xo.  VII  of  the  whole  series,  contains  nine 
articles — one,  "Celtic  Druids";  two,  "Hoffman's  'Legal  Out- 
lines'"; three,  ''The  Fine  Arts":  four,  "Education  in  Ger- 
many"; five,  "Abbot's  Letters  from  Cuba";  six.  "Cicero  de 
Republica";  seven,  "Travels  in  China";  eight,  "Dyspepsia"; 
nine,  "Heber's  Sermons."  Of  these,  the  first  is  a  continuation 
of  article  eight,  No.  V,  attributed  to  Dr.  Cooper.  Article  two  is 
supposed  to  he  by  Legare,  on  general  and  internal  evidence. 
Number  five  is  probablv  by  the  editor.  Stephen  Elliott,  Sr. 
Number  six  is  a  critical  annihilation  of  a  venturesome  trans- 
lator, who  fell  under  Legare's  lash.  The  latter,  who  was  famous 
in  this  country  and  abroad  as  a  classicist,  convicts  the  trans- 
lator of  frequent  misinterpretation  and  ignorance,  and  is  not 
sparing  in  his  denunciation  of  such  presumptuous  writing". 

Number  VTTT  contains — one,  "Sismonde's  'Political  Econ- 
omy'"; two,  "On  Cuba";  three,  "Hall's  'Travels  in  North 
America'";   four,    "Deveronx,"    a    novel,    reviewed;    five,    "In- 


THE    SOUTHERN    REVIEW.  57 

fluence  of  Chivalry  on  Literature";  six,  "Sir  Walter  Raleigh"; 
seven,  "Classification  of  Plants";  and  eight,  a  review  of  "Anne 
of  Geierstein."  Of  these,  article  seven  is  supposed  t<>  be  by 
Stephen  Elliott,  Sr.,  and  must  have  been  the  last,  or  nearly  the 
last,  of  his  contributions  to  the  Review:  article  three  was  written 
by  Hugh  S.  Legare. 

Volume  V  begins  the  year  L830,  and  contains  two  numbers,  as 
usual,  for  February  and  May,  numbers  IX  and  X,  respectively, 
of  the  whole  series. 

Number  IX  contains — one,  a.  review  of  Stuart's  Hebrew 
Grammar;  two,  ''Raymond's  'Political  Economy'";  three, 
"Charlemagne  and  His  Peers";  four,  "Jefferson's  Memoirs*'; 
five,  "The  Works  df  Paul  Louis  Oouvier" ;  six,  "The 
Xavy"  ;  seven,  "( looper's  'Wept  of  Wish-Ton-Wish'  "  ;  and  eight, 
"Anatomy  of  Drunkenness,"  reviewed.  Of  these,  number  one 
was  probably  written  by  Professor  Wallace.  it  is  a  remarkable 
article  to  be  found  in  snch  a  publication  ;  for,  with  its  lengthy 
tahles  <if  Hebrew  etymology  and  inflection,  snch  an  article  is  out 
of  place  in  anv  other  publication  than  a  grammar  or  other  work 
on  technically  treated  linguistics.  Unfortunately  the  fault  was 
a  common  one  in  the  case  of  the  Southern  Review,  whose  ex- 
ample in  this  respect  was  only  too  frequently  followed  by  later 
magazines.  Article  six  was  probably  written  by  Robert  Young 
Hayne,  who  had  already,  it  is  thought,  contributed  one  article  on 
this  subject  ( cf .  article  2,  Vol.  II,  No.  TV).  Article  seven  is 
destructive  in  its  criticism  of  Cooper's  marvellously  named 
novel  ;  and  is  exceptional  in  that  respect,  for  most  of  the  South- 
cm  reviews  of  Cooper  were  commendatory,  except  when  he  was 
being  dealt  with  as  a  rival  of  Simms  as  a  writer  of  romances  of 
Indian  life. 

The  first  editor  of  the  Review,  Stephen  Elliott,  died  in  L830. 
Following,  then,  the  account  of  T>eP>ow  and  the  Southern  Quar- 
terly, it  is  most  probable  that  Stephen  Elliott,  Jr.,  was  the  editor 
of  the  first  number  of  Volume  V.  We  have  no  certain  means, 
however,  of  knowing  how  long  this  editorship  lasted  ;  but  it  seems 
probable  that  the  next  editor,  Legare,  began  his  conduct  of  the 


58  THE   SOUTHERN    REVIEW. 

Review  with  number  X,  for  his  contributions,  known  and  at- 
tributed, form  an  unusual  part  of  that  issue.  The  fact  that  in 
the  ensuing  volumes  Legare's  articles  are  not  so  numerous  is  not 
a  valid  argument  against  his  being  editor  of  the  Review  then  ; 
for  this  scarcity  of  contributions  from  him  is  accounted  for  by 
the  increasing  demands  made  upon  his  time  by  his  duties  as  a 
practicing  lawyer    and  as  Attorney-General  of  South  Carolina. 

Number  X  contains — one,  a  review  of  "Bourrienne's  'Me- 
moirs'-'; two,  "Sidney's  'Miscellanies'";  three,  "Ancient  and 
Modern  Oratory";  four,  on  "Etymology";  five,  "Bentham's 
'Judicial  Evidence'  ";  six,  "Heber's  "Life  of  Jeremy  Taylor'  "; 
and  seven,  "Lord  Byron's  Character  and  Writings."  Of  these 
articles,  two  and  seven  are  known  to  be  Legare's,  and  articles 
three  and  five  are  supposed  to  be  by  him.  Article  seven  is  one 
of  the  most  notable  of  Legare's  essays,  and  one  of  the  longest, 
for  it  contains  59  pages. 

Volume  Yl  completes  the  issue  for  1830.  Its  numbers,  XI 
and  XIT,  were  published  in  August  and  November. 

Number  XI  contains — one.  "Agrarian  and  Educational  Sys- 
tems": two,  "History  of  Greek  Literature";  three,  "Memoirs 
D'un  Pair  de  France";  four,  "Ben  Johnson's  Works";  five, 
"Physiologic  des  Passions";  six,  "Debate  on  Mr.  Foote's  Resolu- 
tion"; seven,  "Hall's  'Familiar  Letters  of  Milton'  ";  and  eight, 
"I'he  American  System."  Of  these  articles,  one  voices  a  South- 
ern failing  in  its  opposition  to  public  schools.  Article  two  is 
one  of  Lagare's  best  classical  essays.  Number  six  is  a  discus- 
sion of  the  Webster-Hayne  debate,  in  which  Mr.  Webster's  ora- 
torical and  rhetorical  ability  is  admitted  but  his  logic  denied. 
The  "American  System"  referred  to  in  article  eight  is  thai  of 
the  tariff,  which   i^  strenuously  opposed. 

Number  XII  contains — one,  "Mental  Development";  two. 
"Geology";  three,  "Memoirs  of  Josephine";  four,  "History  of 
Greek  Literature";  five  "Social  Life  of  England  and  France"; 
six,  "Florida";  seven,  "Tribunal  of  Dernier  Resort";  and  eight, 
"(irieshach's    'Xew    Testament.''       Of    these,    article    four    is    a 

continuation  of  Legare's  essay,  begun  in  article  two   of  the  pre- 


THE    SOITIIKUX    REVIEW.  OJ 

ceding  number.  Article  five  is  supposed  to  have  been  written  by 
Dr.  ( looper. 

Volume  VII  begins  the  issne  for  1831,  and  contains  the  num- 
bers for  May  and  August,  of  the  whole  series  numbers  XIII  and 
XIV.  The  volume  shows  great  irregularity  in  publication ;  for 
the  rule  had  been  for  the  Review  to  be  issued  in  February,  May, 
August  and  jSTovember ;  but  here  there  is  no  February  number 
for  1831,  and  consequently,  May  and  August  make  one  volume, 
while  the  eighth  volume  contains  the  issues  for  November,  1831, 
and  February,  1832. 

Of  Volume  VII,  number  thirteen  contains — one,  ''Byron's 
Letters  and  Journals";  two  "Beranger's  Poems'';  three  "Life 
and  Times  of  Daniel  DeFoe" ;  four,  "Murat's  Letters  on  the 
United  States";  five,  ''History  of  the  Fine  Arts";  six,  "Steam 
Engines  and  Railroads";  seven,  "The  Siamese  Twins";  eight, 
"Irving's  'Voyages  and  Discoveries  of  Columbus'";  and  nine, 
''The  Family  Library."  Of  these  articles  one  is  a  review  by 
Legare  of  Moore's  work  on  Byron's  Letters.  The  essay  is  a  long 
one  of  forty-two  pages,  and  is  a  .fair  and  sympathetic  treatment, 
of  the  unfortunate  poet's  woes. 

Xumber  XIV  (August,  1831),  contains — one,  "Jeremy  Bent- 
ham  and  the  Utilitarians";  two,  "Operation  of  Poisons";  three, 
"French  Xovels"  ;  four,  "Theory  of  Association  in  Matters  of 
Taste";  five,  "Codification";  six,  "Small-pox,  Varioloid  Dis- 
eases and  Vaccine" ;  seven,  "American  Literature" ;  eight, 
"Woolrych's  'Life  of  Jeffreys'" ;  and  nine,  "Waterhouse's 
'Junius.''  Of  these  articles,  one  is  a  descriptive  criticism,  by 
Legare,  of  the  Utilitarian  philosophy  as  systematized  by  Bent- 
ham.      Article  five  is  by  some  considered  Lagare's  best  essay. " 

Article  seven  is  based  upon  "Kettell's  'Specimens  of  Ameri- 
can Poetry.'  '  The  reviewer  protests  against  the  demand  for  an 
American  Literature,  and  declares  that  the  nation  is  not  old 
enough  (in  183  1- )  to  have  a  literature,  and  that  there  is  not  suffi- 


*Southern  Review  (Baltimore),  vol.  VII  (January,  1870),  p.  147;  and  the 
whole  article  for  life  of  Legare. 


GO  THE  SOUTHERN    QUARTERLY  REVIEW. 

cient  material  for  it.  lie  accounts,  in  part,  for  Southern  literary 
sterility  by  attributing-  it  to  "imperfect  education"  of  the  peo- 
ple. Article  nine  is  a  plausible  argument  to  prove  that  the  au- 
thor of  the  letters  of  "Junius"  was  the  Reverend  Philip  Francis, 
rather  than  Sir  Philip  Francis. 

Volume  VIII  (November,  L831,  ami  February,  1882),  con- 
cludes the  issue  of  the  Southern  Review.  In  addition  to  the 
causes  of  failure  inherent  in  the  nature  of  the  Review  itself,  a 
more  immediate  cause  of  its  cessation  in  1832  was  the  departure, 
in  that  year,  of  Legare,  who  went  to  Europe  as  the  representative 
of  the  United  States  at  the  Court  of  Brussels.  Legare's  ability 
and  fame,  both  as  a  man  and  as  an  author,  had  been  from  the  first 
the  mainstay  of  the  magazine.  As  stated  before,  Stephen 
Elliott,  the  first  editor,  had  died  in  1830,  and  when,  in  1882,  the 
remaining  editor  withdrew,  the  Review  suspended  publication. 

Number  XY  contains — one,  "The  Bank  of  the  United 
States";  two,  a  review  of  "Cyril  Thornton";  three,  "Cuvier's 
'Theory  of  the  Globe'  ";  four,  "Delavigne's  Poems";  five,  "On 
Canal  Navigation";  six,  a' review  of  "A  Year  in  Spain";  seven, 
"Distribution  of  Wealth"  ;  eight,  "Peninsular  Campaigns";  and 
nine,  "Indirect  Taxation." 

The  last  number  of  the  Review,  February,  L832,  contains — 
one,  "Public  Economy  of  Athens"  ;  two,  a  review  of  the  works  of 
Edmund  1).  Griffin,  gruesomely  entitled  "Griffin's  Remains"; 
three,  "Life  of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots";  four,  a  review  of 
Cooper's  "Bravo";  five,  "Butler's  'Life  of  D'Arguisseau'  ";  six, 
"Bryant's  Poems";  eight,  "Mcintosh's  'History  of  England'  "; 
and  nine,  "Producers  and  Consumers."  Article  one  is  by  La- 
gare,  as  is  article  five  also.  Article  seven  is  a  very  approci  itW  ■ 
review  of  Bryant's  poems,  which  the  reviewer  declares  to  he  "the 
best  collection  of  American  poetry  we  have  seen." 


THE  SOUTHERN  QUARTERLY  REVIEW. 


The  title  page  of  the  first  volume  of  the  Southern  Quarterly 
Review  is  as  follows  : 

THE 

SOUTHERN  QUARTERLY 

REVIEW. 


Volume  I. 

NEW  ORLEANS: 

Published  by  the  Proprietors  at  166  Royal  Street. 


1842. 


The  printer  was  Benjamin  Jenkins,  166  Royal  Street,  .Yew 
Orleans;  the  first  editor.  Daniel  1\.  Whitaker.  Volume  T  con- 
sists of  two  numbers,  for  January  and  April  ( 1842  ),  which  con- 
tain 302  and  262  pages,  respectively.  There  is  a  separate  table 
of  contents  for  each  number.  The  body  of  each  number  con- 
sists of  essays  of  about  60  pages  each,  based  upon  some  work 
treating  of  the  subject  of  the  essay;  the  articles,  however,  are 
not  merely  critical,  but  more  frequently  original  essays.  Tn 
addition  to  these  major  articles,  there  are  shorter  "Book  re- 
views,'" "Reviews  of  Magazines,"  "Literary  Announcements," 
and  notices  of  new  publications. 

Number  I  contains  eight  principal  articles:  T,  the  Newspaper 
and  Periodical  Press.  This  is  a  sixty  page  editorial,  in  which 
we  have,  first,  a  sketch  of  the  "Newspaper  Press";  second,  a  his- 
tory of  the  "Periodical  Press";  and  last,  an  outline  of  the  pur- 
poses and  policy  of  the  Southern  Quarterly  itself.  Under  the 
last  heading  the  editor  says;  -r\\>  protect  the  rights  of  our  South- 
ern soil  from  invasion,  and  to  promote  the  cause  of  learning, 
arts  and  literature  among  us,  Ave  have  projected  this  Southern 


62  THE  SOUTHERN  QUARTERLY  REVIEW. 

Quarterly  Review.  As  a  political  organ,  it  will  maintain,  in 
good  faith,  long  received  and  well-tried  principle  of  the  old  Re- 
publican school,  such  as  the  following :  That  all  men,  though  not 
equal  by  birth,  talent  or  circumstances,  are  yet  to  be  equally  pro- 
tected in  the  enjoyment  of  their  just  rights;  that  the  people  of 
the  several  States  of  the  Union  are  the  source  of  all  the  political 
power  that  exists  in  it;  that  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States  is  the  result  of  a  compact  between  the  several  States,  each 
State  ageeing  with  each,  and  each  with  all  the  rest,  to  confer 
upon  the  Federal  Government  certain  powers,  and  reserving  to 
themselves  all  the  powers  not  granted  out  by  and  through  that 
instrument ;  that  all  its  provisions  and  grants  of  power  should 
be  construed  strictly,  according  to  the  plain  import  of  the  lan- 
guage employed,  and  without  looking  for  any  hidden  or  more 
extended  meaning  than  the  latter  justifies ;  that  the  same  Con- 
stitution, being  the  result  of  a  compact  by  and  between  the  sev- 
eral States,  could  not  have  been  created  by  the  people  en  masse, 
as,  in  that  event,  there  being  only  one  party,  there  could  have 
been  no  Federal  compact,  no  Federal  Government,  no  American 
Confederacy  ;  that  the  allegiance  of  the  citizen  is  due,  primarily, 
to  the  States,  and  secondarily,  to  the  United  States ;  that,  for  all 
palpable  violations  of  the  Constitution  by  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment, or  by  any  of  its  branches,  not  provided  for  by  the  Consti- 
tution, a  remedial  power  exists  in  the  States  to  cure  the  evil ; 
that  the  principles  of  free  trade  ought  to  be  maintained  and  re- 
spected, and  that  no  one  branch  of  American  industry  should  be 
fostered  or  protected  by  the  Government  at  the  expense  of  any 
other  branch  of  it ;  that  tariffs  or  imports  should  be  levied  for 
purposes  of  revenue  directly,  and  for  purposes  of  protection 
only  indirectly  and  incidentally."  Herein  we  have  a  complete 
statement,  within  limits,  of  not  only  the  political  views  of  the 
Quarterly's  editors,  but  also  of  the  position  of  Southern  states- 
men, on  the  great  questions  which  were  becoming  every  year  of 
more  acute  importance. 

So  much  for  the  political  position  of  the  Quarterly.      Pro- 
ceeding, the  editor  asks:  "But  what  party  will  this  work  sustain 


THE  SOUTHERN  QUABTEKLY  EEVIEW.  63 

in  religion  I"  "Xo  party,"  he  answers,  and  gives  three  reasons: 
"First,  for  the  solemn  and  most  conclusive  reason,  that  in  Chris- 
tianity, professedly  and  really  a  religion  of  peace  and  love,  there 
ought  to  be  no  party — no  conflicts  among  the  follows  of  the  Lamb 
of  God  and  the  Prince  of  Peace,  but  only  harmony  and  agree- 
ment and  brotherly  love ;  secondly,  because  there  are  other  and 
better  instrumentalities,  vehicles  and  places  where  and  through 
which  each  and  all  religious  parties  may  maintain  their  own 
views  freely  and  without  hindrance,  and  combat  those  of  their 
opponents — we  mean  the  pulpit,  the  theological  reviews,  and  the 
religious  newspapers ;  and  thirdly,  because  their  work  is  devoted 
solely  and  exclusively  to  literary  and  political  objects.'"  The 
editor  adds  that  this  does  not  imply  an  exclusion  of  philosophical 
and  non-controversive  theological  essays,  which  shall  be  accepted 
if  they  are  of  sufficient  literary  merit.  Further  he  says:  ''We 
mean  to  place  this  work  on  the  most  liberal  basis,  and  to  express 
n<>  theological  opinion  in  it  to  which  the  most  scrupulous  Chris- 
tian of  any  name  or  denomination  can  possibly  object.  We 
have  not  come  here  to  open  the  fountain  of  bitter  waters  on  the 
angry  and  time-worn  arena  of  theological  controversy,  but  rather 
to  promote  and  accomplish  objects  of  great  weight  and  interest  to 
the  durability  of  your  institution,  the  salvation  of  this  dear 
region,  the  glory  of  the  whole  Union,  and  the  fame  of  American 
literature." 

Finally,  in  respect  to  his  literary  purposes,  the  editor  tells  us 
that  it  is  his  aim,  generally,  "to  make  a  vigorous  movement  in 
behalf  of  Southern  literature";  for,  he  adds,  "there  is  to  be,  if 
there  be  not  already,  a  Southern,  as  well  as  a  Northern,  litera- 
ture in  our  country,  but  not  for  that  reason,  in  either  case,  less 
an  American  literature"  ;  and,  particularly,  in  criticism  and  con- 
troversy, "to  extenuate  nothing  nor  set  down  aught  in  malice, 
and  let  us  have  no  concealments,  no  vacillation  in  expressing 
your  views  with  a  down-right  honesty  of  purpose,  no  skulking 
behind  hedges,  no  lying  in  ambush  and  aiming  your  arrows  at  us 
from  a  dark  corner."  Such  are  the  things  that  the  Quarterly 
was  to  stand  for  in  its  political,  philosophical  and  literary  tenets. 


64  THE  SOUTHERN   QUARTERLY  REVIEW. 

Number  one  of  Volume  I  contains  seven  leading  arti- 
cles, on  "Currency  and  Exchanges";  "Hillhouse's  'Hadad'  " ; 
"History  of  the  Italian  Republics";  "Hiss  Sedgwick's  Letters 
from  Abroad";  "Constitution  of  the  United  States";  "Bucking- 
ham's America";  and  "Stephens'  Central  America." 

The  second  number  (April)  of  Volume  1  contains  ten  princi- 
pal articles:  "Taylor's  'Natural  History  of  Society/"  "Educa- 
tion/' "Lives  of  the  Queens  of  England,"  "State  of  Education 
and  Learning  in  Cuba/'  "History  of  Mormorism,"  "Refrigera- 
tion and  Ventilation  of  Cities,"  "East  India  Cotton,"  "Ameri- 
can Poetry,"  "The  Tariff,"  "Lives  of  Literary  and  Scientific 
Men  of  Italy."  There  are  in  addition  the  regular  departments 
of  "Critical  Notices,"  "Literary  Announcements,"  and  ",\ew 
Publications."  From  a  literary  standpoint,  the  most  notable 
article  in  this  number  is  Article  VI II,  p.  493,  "American 
Poetry."  While  nominally  a  review  of  the  poems  of  Longfellow, 
the  essay  is  much  more  than  that,  for  the  writer  introduces  the 
review  propel  with  a  discussion  of  the  conditions  of  American 
literature,  especially  American  poetry.  First,  he  asks,  "What  is 
poetry  ?"  and  answers:  "It  is  the  investing  with  the  attribute  of 
beauty  and  novelty  those  events  or  actions  which  are,  in  them- 
selves, merely  commonplace.  Tt  is  the  endowing  the  ordinary 
actions  and  concerns  of  humanity  with  an  interest  and  a  purpose, 
which  reach  unto  the  skies,  and  proclaim  themselves  the  offspring 

of  'universal  goodness.' —In  past  times,  the  poetry  id   the 

world  existed  apart  from  the  real  interests  and  concerns  id'  life; 
— but  when  Republican  America  was  spoken  into  existence, 
poetry  descended  into  the  hearts  of  men  ami  became  a  part  id'  the 
life  and  breath  of  all.  Tt  was  no  longer  an  art;  it  was  a  feeling 
— an    impulse — which    animated    alike   all    bosoms,    and    led    to 

deeds  which  were  of  themselves  immortal. ■ — Poetry  !     Why, 

America  is  all  poetry.  The  pages  of  our  Constitution — the 
deeds  of  our  patriot  sires — the  deliberations  of  <>nr  sages  and 
statesmen — the  civilization  and  progress  of  our  people  the  wis- 
dom of  our  laws,  the  greatness  of  our  name-are  all  covered  over 


THE  SOUTHERN   QUARTERLY   REVIEW. 


65 


with  the  living  fire  of  poetry;  and  such  poetry,  too,  as  no  single 
brain  could  conceive  or  pen  delineate.  What  is  the  machinery 
of  rhymes  and  metre,  and  strophes  and  apostrophes,  compared 
with  the  living  and  breathing  soul  of  the  ideal  made  practical, 
which  dwells  within  every  American  bosom,  and  sheds  a  halo  of 
immortal  glory  over  this  free  soil?  Sickly  tapers,  going  out  in 
the  sunshine!  The  poet  of  America  is  the  genius  of  her  institu- 
tions, and  our  national  epic  is  the  memory  of  our  origin,  and  the 

contemplation  of  our  destiny.—     We  do  not  mean,  however, 

to  say  that  we  have  no  written  poetry  or  literature. —  —We  be- 
gin where  other  nations  have  ended. When  the  accumu- 
lating materials  of  our  national  literature  are  all  collected,  and 
the  edifice  constructed,  it  will  indeed  be  a  temple  worthy  of  the 
genius  of  that  people,  who  alone  could  have  created  it." 

The  writer  proceeds  to  the  poems  of  Longfellow',  which  be 
quotes  at  length,  and  tells  us  that  "his  poetry  is  a  perfect  dream 
of  tender  ami  subduing  harmony,"  ami  "we  have  at  least  one 
true  poet  of  inspiration." 

The  first  volume,  as  we  have  seen  from  the  title  page  quoted 
above,  was  published  in  Xew  Orleans.  In  a  few  months,  how- 
ever, the  Quarterly  was  removed  to  Charleston,  where  it  should 
naturally  have  been,  as  it  was  the  lineal  descendant  of  the  old 
Southern  Review.  Indeed,  the  Southern  Quarterly  was  so 
closely  modelled  upon  the  older  Review,  and  so  truly  a  continua- 
tion of  its  plans  and  methods,  that  it  was  virtually  a  revival  of 
the  short-lived  publication  of  Elliott  and  Legare.  Its  editors 
were  careful  to  claim  this  distinction  for  the  new  Quarterlv,  and 
strove  for  the  old  Review's  heritage  of  friends  and  influence. 

The  title  page  of  Volume  II  (July  and  October),  1842,  is  as 
follows  : 

THE 

SOLTTIERX  QUARTERLY 

REVIEW. 


Love  judicat  seque. — Llorace. 

Eo  ego  ingenio  natura  sum,  amicitiam. 

Atque  inimicitiam  in  fronte  promptam  gero. — Ennius. 


66 


THE  SOUTHERN  QUARTERLY  REVIEW. 

Vol.  II. 


CHARLESTON: 

Published  by  the  Proprietors. 


1842. 


The  first  number  (whole  number,  III)  contains  the  depart- 
ment, "Critical  Xotices"  and  "Literary  Intelligence,"  and  eleven 
principal  articles :  "The  Ancient  Egyptians,"  "The  Creole 
Case,"  "Classical  Literature,"  "Lord  Bolingbroke,"  "Mexico 
and  Texas,"  "The  Chinese,"  "Channing's  'Duty  of  the  Free 
States,'  "  "Bulwer's  'Zanoni,'  "  Mott's  Travels  in  Europe  and  the 
East,"  "Whewell  on  the  Inductive  Sciences,"  and  "Rhode  Island 
Affairs."  In  the  Critical  Notices  is  a  review  of  Griswold's 
"The  Poets  and  Poetry  of  America."  The  writer  severely  ar- 
raigns Griswold  on  the  charge  of  injustice  to  Southern  writers, 
and  maintains  that  the  book  should  have  been  called  "The  Poets 
of  the  Northern  States  of  the  United  States." 

Number  two  (October)  of  Volume  II  contains  "Critical 
Notices"  and  ten  leading  articles  :  "Women  Physiologically  Con- 
sidered," "Ahasnerus,  a  Poem,"  "Canaan  Identified  with  the 
Ethiopian,"  "Morley  Ernstein,"  by  G.  P.  P.  James;  "Camp's 
'Democracy,'  "  "D'Oenvres  de  Vico,"  "Story's  Commentaries," 
"The  Tariff,"  "Transcendentalism,"  and  "Schlegel's  'History  of 
Literature.'  " 

As  we  have  said  before,  Volume  II  marked  the  removal  of  the 
Quarterly  from  New  Orleans  to  Charleston,  S.  C.  In  regard  to 
this  change,  a  later  editor  (DeBow.  in  DeBow's  Rericii-.  Volume 
IX,  ]>.  125)  tells  us:  "The  removal  from  Xew  Orleans  was  re- 
regarded,  to  some  extent,  as  an  infraction  of  the  editor's  and  sub- 
scribers' treaty,  and  there  was  some  confusion  in  the  subscription 
price — many  persons  being  assessed  to  double  the  extent  of 
others.  To  add  to  the  dissatisfaction,  several  articles,  highly 
political  in  their  character,  and  reflecting  upon  distinguished 
public  men,  with  hosts  of  admirers  at  the  South,  found  place  in 


THE  SOUTHERN   QUARTERLY  REVIEW.  67 

the  pages  of  the  Review,  though  its  neutral  character  had  been 

guaranteed." 

Such  were  some  of  the  difficulties  that  interfered  with  the  suc- 
cess of  the  magazine  during  the  publication  of  this  and  the  next 
four  or  five  volumes.  • 

Volume  III  contains  two  numbers  (five  and  six  of  the  old 
series),  for  January  and  April,  respectively,  1843.  The  first  of 
these  contains  "Critical  Notices,"  and  nine  principal  essays: 
"General History  of  Civilization  inEurope,"  "Oeuvres  deMasil- 
lon,"  "Collections  of  the  Georgia  Historical  Society,"  "The  Civil 
Law,"  "Anthon's  Classical  Dictionary/'  "State  Debts,"  "Dick- 
ens' 'American  Notes,'  "  "Chemistry  and  Geology,"  and  the 
"Anglo- Eastern  Empire."  Among  the  noteworthy  features  of 
the  number  is  the  condemnation  of  Dickens  in  the  review  of  his 
"American  Notes."  "We  are  sadly  disappointed  in  our  expec- 
tations," says  the  critic.  "The  work  before  us  is  evidently  writ- 
ten in  haste,  without  regard  to  the  previous  reputation  of  the 
author,  and  is  pervaded  by  a  captious,  sheering  spirit.  There 
are  occasional  exhibitions  of  his  peculiar  powers  of  humor  ;  some 
graphic  descriptions  of  interesting  scenes,  at  which  we  pause 
with  commendation :  the  author  is  sometimes  pleased,  or  pre- 
tends to  be  so:  he  utters,  now  and  then,  a  well-timed  compliment, 
which  will  l)e  felt  and  remembered;  but  taking  the  work  as  a 
whole,  we  have  seldom  read  a  more  fault-finding,  discourteous, 
bitter  and  shallow  production." 

The  second  number  of  this  volume  contains "( 'vitical  Notices," 
which  are  much  less  numerous  than  usual,  and  ten  leading  con- 
tributions: "Schlegel's  'Philosophy  of  History,'  "  "Virginia  and 
New  York  Controversy,"  "The  Sources  of  National  Wealth," 
"Tnda  and  Other  Poems,"  "The  Criminal  Law,"  "Construction 
of  the  Constitution,"  "Dickon's  Novels,"  "Agricultural  Survey 
of  South  Carolina,"  "Mesmerism,"  and  "Life  of  John  C.  Cal- 
houn." 

The  second  article  refers  to  an  interstate  controversy  about 
fugitive  slaves. 

Volume  IV  comprises,   as  usual,  two  numbers.      These   are 


68  THE  SOUTHERN   QUARTERLY  REVIEW. 

July  and  October,  1843,  which  contain  260  and  268  pages,  re- 
spectively, and  are  numbers  VII  and  VIII,  of  the  whole  scries. 
INT-umber  VII  contains  ten  principal  articles  and  fifteen  "Criti- 
cal Notices."  Of  the  former,  the  subjects  are:  "International 
Copyright;"  "Edwin  the.  Fair,"a  review  of  "An  Historical 
Drama,  by  Henry  Taylor ;"  "Democracy  in  America,"  a  review 
of  De  Tocqueville's  book,  on  that  subject ;  a  review  of  the  "Lays 
of  Ancient  Rome;"  "Capital  Punishment ;"  "American  Loyal- 
ists ;"  "Progress  of  Civilization,"  a  review  of  Guizot's  Histories  ; 
a  review  of  Bowen's  "Memoir  of  Tristam  Burges ;"  "Physic  and 
Physicians;"  and  a  review  of  the  k'Last  of  the  Barons." 

Number  VIII  contains  eight  leading  essays  and  twenty 
"Critical  Notices."  The  subject  of  the  former  are :  "Milman's 
'History  of  Christianity,'  '  "Dickensonianna,"  a  barbarous 
word,  by  the  way,  to  express  facts  about  Dickens,  or  something 
of  that  sort;  ".Maritime  Interests  of  the  South  and  West," 
"Sketch  of  the  Honorable  Hugh  S.  Legare,"  "The  Writings  of 
Washington  Allston,"  "The  Life  and  Writings  of  Swedenborg," 
"Physics  and  Physicians,"  "The  Novels  of  Frederika  Bremer."1 
Of  these  the  "Sketch  of  Legare,"  and  the  "Writings  of  Wash- 
ington Allston"  are  essays  of  value  to  the  historian  or  student  of 
Southern  literature.  The  former  deals  with  its  subject  more 
from  other  standpoints  than  that  of  literary  work  ;  the  latter  fur- 
nishes a  bibliography  of  the  writer's  published  books,  and  a 
study  of  his  life  and  paintings.  Accompanying  the  article  on 
"Hie  .Maritime  Interests  of  the  South  and  West"  is  ;i  folded 
map  of  the  West  Indies  and  the  adjacent  coasts  and  waters. 

Volume  V,  January  and  April,  1844,  contains  two  numbers  of 
264  and  268  pages,  respectively.  These  are  numbers  IX  and 
X.  The  former  contains  six  principal  reviews  and  nine  "( Iritical 
Notices."  The  reviews  are:  "The  French  Revolution,"  "Mat- 
thew's 'Poems  on  Man,'  "  "The  North  American  Indians,"  "Re- 
lations <if  the  Ancient  World,"  "Percival's  Poems,"  and  "So- 
crates." 

The  most  considerable  of  these  essays  is  the  first,  which  ex- 
tends to  102  pages. 


THE  SOUTHERN   QUARTERLY   KEVIKW.  69 

Number  X  consists  of  eight  essays  or  reviews  and  eight 
"Critical  Notices."  The  former  are:  ''Herder's  Philosophy  of 
History,"  "The  Reformed  Israelites/'  "American  Oratory," 
"History  of  Florida,"  "Milton's  Genius — Imitation  and  Use  of 
the  Moderns,"  "Life  and  Character  of  M.  de  Malesherbes," 
"Puseyism  no  Popery,"  and  "The  Mysteries  of  Paris." 

The  essay  on  "American  Oratory"  is  a  review  of  Two  hooks — 
"The  Speeches  of  John  ( '.  ( Jalhoun  :  Harper  <y  Bros.,  1  843,"  and 
"The  Life  and  Speeches  of  FTenry  Clay,  2  vols.:  X.  Y.,  Greeley 
A:  McElrath,  is p°,."  During  this  year,  L844,  and  into  1845,  an 
associate  editor  and  frequent  contributor  to  the  Quarterly  was 
J.  I).  B.  DeBow,  soon  to  found,  in  Xew  Orleans,  the  Commer- 
cial Review  that  bore  his  name. 

Volume  VI  contains  the  usual  two  numbers,  for  July  and 
October,  of  268  and  260  pages,  respectively.  The  first  of  these, 
Number  XT,  contains  seven  principal  articles  and  ten  "Critical 
Notices."  Of  the  first  class  are:  "Ireland,"  "Milton's  Genius," 
"Victor  Hugo's  'Burgraves,' "  "Characteristics  of  the  States- 
man," "The  Colonial  Era  of  South  Carolina,"  "Prescott's  Con- 
quest of  .Mexico,"  and  the  "Santa  Fe  Expedition,"  the  last  a  re- 
view of  Kendall's  narrative.  The  essay  entitled  "Characteris- 
tics of  the  Statesman"  is  not  signed,  but  it  was  certainly  written 
by  James  I).  B.  DeBow,  who  was  editor  of  the  magazine  during 
this  year,  and  who  afterwards  published  the  same,  or  practically 
the  same,  article  in  the  Commercial  Review,  which  he  published 
in  Xew  Orleans. 

Xnniher  XII  contains  nine  principal  articles  and  eleven 
"Critical  Notices."  The  former  are:  "Rome  and  the  Romans," 
"Writings  of  Cornelius  Mathews,"  "The  Heretic  of  Lajechni- 
koff,"  "Cicero's  Letters,"  "Law  and  Lawyers,"  "German  Novel- 
ists," "Spalding's  Review  of  D'Aubigne,"  "System  of  Common 
Schools,"  and  "Annexation  of  Texas."  Of  these,  the  fifth,  en- 
titled "Law  and  Lawyers,"  is  a  fifty-eight  page  dissertation  by 
the  editor,  DeBow,  who  reprinted  this  also  in  his  Commercial 
Review.  The  writer  of  the  article  on  the  "Southern  System  of 
Common  Schools"  finds  three  reasons  for  the  failure  of  the  pub- 


70  THE  SOUTHERN   QUARTERLY  REVIEW. 

lie  schools  in  the  South:  The  influence  of  the  older  private 
schools ;  the  failure  of  the  common  schools  to  afford  proper  in- 
struction, and  prejudice  against  public  schools  as  charity  insti- 
tutions. 

Volume  VII,  January  and  April,  1845,  contains  two  numbers 
of  260  and  272  pages,  respectively.  The  first  number,  XIII, 
consists  of  eight  leading  contributions  and  twelve  "Critical  No- 
tices."1 Of  the  former  are:  "Education  in  Europe,"  a  review  of 
Sparks's  "Life  of  the  Sieur  de  la  Salle,''  "Literature  of  the 
Bible,"  "Life  and  Writings  of  Rabelais,"  "La  Havane,  par 
Madame  la  Comtesse  Merlin,"  "Works  of  William  Hauff," 
"Mrs.  Gray's  History  of  Etruria,"  and  "Memoirs  of  Aaron 
Burr."  The  last  article  is  a  notable,  fair-minded  review  of  a 
life  of  Aaron  Burr,  written  only  a  few  years  after  his  death,  and 
should  be  of  some  interest  in  the  revival  of  attention  to  the  tragic 
story  of  that  talented  man.  The  review  is  thirty  pages  long, 
and  begins  on  page  220. 

Worthy  of  note  in  the  '•Critical  Notices"  of  this  number  is  a 
brief  review  of  "Americanism  in  Literature"  (Charleston: 
Bnrges  and  James,  1844),  by  Alexander  B.  Meek,  of  Alabama. 

We  are  informed  of  the  editor's  intention  to  place  the  initials 
of  contributors  at  the  end  of  articles,  which  have  hitherto  rarely 
furnished  even  rbis  imperfect  cine  to  authorship. 

Number  XTY  contains  eight  principal  articles,  fourteen 
"Critical  Notices,"  and  "Editorial  Notes."  The  first  class  con- 
tains "Ante-Roman  Races  of  Italy,"  "Poems  of  Elizabeth  B. 
Barrett,"  "Spirit  of  the  Age,"  "Religion  in  America,"  "Unity 
of  the  Races,"  "The  Judicial  Tenure,"  "Mr.  Hoar's  Mission" 
[to  South  Carolina],  and  "Carolina  Political  Annals."  The 
most  noteworthy,  perhaps,  of  these  articles  are  flic  review,  prob- 
ably by  William  Gilmore  Sinuns,  of  Home's  "Spirit  of  the 
Age,"  and  the  historically  valuable  paper  on  "Carolina  Politi- 
cal Annals." 

With  tins  volume,  Y 1 1 ,  <>r  during  the  publication  <>f  Volume 
VIII,  DeBow's  associate  editorship  ceases. 

Volume  VIII,  Julv  and  October,  1845,  consists  of  two  mini- 


THE  SOUTHERN   QUARTERLY  REVIEW.  71 

bers  of  264  pages  each.  The  first  of  those,  XV,  contains  six 
leading  essays,  "Critical  Notices"  and  "Editorial  Notes."  The 
first  are:  "The  Exploring  Expedition  of  1838-'42,"  "Writings 
of  Washington  Irving,"  "The  Roman  Law,"  "The  Agricultural 
Prospects  of  South  Carolina ;  Her  Resources  and  Tier  True 
Policy,"  "An  Issue  With  the  Reviewer  of  Nott's  'Caucasian  and 
Negro  Races/'  [a  reply  by  Dr.  Nott  himself  to  his  reviewer], 
''The  Northern  Pacific,"  "California,  Oregon,  and  the  Oregon 
Question."  The  last  article,  above  mentioned,  is  accompanied 
by  a  map  of  the  western  coast,  and  was  written  by  James  1).  B. 
DeBow,  the  "D"  of  numerous  articles  in  this  and  other  volumes. 
This  essay,  which  is  an  able  discussion  of  the  complexities  of 
what  was  called  the  "Oregon  Question,"  attracted  very  wide 
attention  and  very  favorable  opinion.      It  begins  on  page  191. 

Among  the  "Critical  Notices"  we  note  the  "Writings  of  Hugh 
S.  Legare,"  which  contain  a  partial  list  of  Legare's  contributions 
to  periodicals. 

Number  XVI  comprises  nine  leading  articles,  seventeen 
"Critical  Notices,"  "Literary  Announcements,'"  and  "Editorial 
Notes."  Of  the  first  class  are:  "The  Exploring  Expedition" 
(condensed  from  last  number),  "Railroad  Communication  Be- 
tween Charleston,  Savannah  ami  Nashville,"  "Slavery  in  the 
Southern  States,"  "Mississippi  Affairs,"  a  discussion  of  the 
Nation  Institute  for  the  Promotion  of  Science,  ".Mrs.  Welby's 
(Amelia)  Poems,"  "The  State  of  Georgia:  Its  Duties  and  Des- 
tiny, "  "England  Under  Seven  Administrations,"  and  "Life, 
Character  and  Speeches  of  the  Late  Robert  Y.  Ilayne."  Es- 
pecially noteworthy  are  Article  YTT,  probably  by  Dr.  Josiah 
Nott,  on  the  State  of  Georgia,  a  subject  to  which  the  author  docs 
not  at  all  limit  himself,  but  from  which  he  diverges  to  the  dis- 
cussion of  the  great  educational  and  political  questions  of  the 
time;  and  Article  IX,  on  Robert  G.  Hayne,  the  famous  opponent 
of  Daniel  Webster. 

Volume  IX,  January  and  April,  1846,  consists  of  the  usual 
two  numbers,  of  284  and   260  pages,   respectively.      The  first 


rZ  III  K  SOUTHERN   QUARTERLY    REVIEW. 

number,  XVII  of  the  whole  series,  contains  eight,  long  articles, 
nineteen  short  "Critical  Notices,"  and  an  editor's  note.  The 
long  articles  are:  "Unity  of  the  Human  Race,"  a  continuation, 
by  Dr.  Xott,  of  the  discussion  for  sonic  time  carried  on  in  the 
pages  of  the  Quarterly  (see  preceding  volume)  :  "The  Statesmen 
of  Suez/"  "The  Wandering  Jew,"'  by  Eugene  Sue  ,  "The  Tariff," 
"The  Jesuits,"  "Life  and  Speeches  of  John  C.  Calhoun," 
"Tieck's  'Gestiefelte  Kater,'  "  and  "Internal  Improvements." 
A  noticeable  feature  of  the  number  is  the  improvement  in  type, 
which  begins  with  it.  In  an  editorial,  the  late  associate  editor 
of  the  Quarterly,  De  Bow,  is  thanked  for  "the  tirst  number  of 
his  sterling  magazine,"  DeBoir's  Commercial  Review  of  New 
Orleans. 

Number  XVIII  contains  nine  principal  articles  and  thirty- 
five  "Critical  Xotices."  The  former  are:  "Present  Condition 
of  Palestine,"  "Writings  of  Hugh  Swinton  Leg-are,"  "Histoire 
de  la  Louisiane,"  by  ('has.  Gayarre :  "Unity  of  the  Human 
Race,"  "Political  Economy,"  "The  Army  in  Texas,"  "The 
Knights  Templars''  (sic),  "The  Annals  of  the  English  Bible," 
and  a  review  of  "Margaret,  a  Tale  of  the  Real  and  the  Ideal." 
The  most  noteworthy  of  these  are  the  second  and  third.  The 
second,  a  forty  page  essay,  probably  by  1 1  ay  no  or  by  Ewin 
Heriot,  is  a  review  of  Legare's  works,  edited  and  published  in 
1846,  by  his  sister.  The  third  is  a  review  of  ('has.  Gayarre's 
History  of  the  early  years  of  Louisiana. 

Among  the  noteworthy  articles  in  the  nnusnallv  long  list  of 
"Critical  Xotices"  is  a  review  of  "Knights  of  the  (Golden) 
Horse  Shoe,"  by  W.  A.  Caruthers,  of  Virginia,  published  in 
1845,  at  Huntingdon,  Ala. 

Volume  X,  July  and  October,  1846,  consists  of  two  numbers, 
X  I  X  and  XX  of  the  whole  series,  of  256  and  260  pages,  respec- 
tively. Silas  Howe  is  given  as  the  general  agent  in  Charleston, 
S.  ( '.,  and  to  each  number  is  appended  a  list  of  the  paying  sub- 
scribers of  the  magazine. 

Number    XIX    consists    of   eight    long   articles    and    sixteen 


THE    SOUTHERN    KEVIKW. 


73 


"Critical  Notices.  The  former  are:  "Homer's  Iliad,"  "The 
Preacher,"  "Onslow,  or  the  Protege  of  an  Enthusiast,  an  His- 
torical Traditionary  Tale  of  the  South,"  "Italy,"  "The  Study  of 
History,"  "The  Condition  of  Woman,"  "Mr.  Clay  and  the 
American  System,"  and  the  "Nebular  Hypothesis." 

Number'  XX  embraces  eight  leading  articles,  three  "Critical 
Notices"  and  two  "Editorial  Notes."  The  first  are:  "Crom- 
well's Letters  and  Speeches,"  "Natural  History  of  the  Spider," 
"Emanuel  Sweden borg,"  "Everett's  Essays  and  Poems,"  "Ro- 
man Literature,"  "The  Memphis  Convention,"  "Halleck's  'Mili- 
tary Art  and  Science,'"  "Mr. Calhoun  and  the  Mississippi/'  The 
last  of  these  is  by  far  the  strongest  article  of  the  issue,  and  ex- 
tends to  more  than  sixty  pages.  It  is  an  animated  discussion 
of  Mr.  Calhoun's  "change  of  opinion"  in  seeming  to  desert  the 
cause  of  State-rights  and  go  over  to  the  Unionists  by  sup- 
porting the  recommendation  of  the  Memphis  Convention  of 
184<!,  for  the  improvement  by  the  Federal  Government  of  the 
Mississippi  and  its  tributaries.  In  the  editorial  note  on  the 
subject  of  Mr.  Calhoun  and  the  Mississippi,  we  have  an  outline 
of  what  was  then  the  repaidly  maturing  political  doctrine  of  the 
South:  "We  at  the  South  go  for  a  constitutional  administration 
of  government,  or  we  go  for  a  revolution  of  the  government. 
We  will  struggle  for  our  rights  and  liberties,  and  maintain  our 
independence." 

It  is  editorially  stated  that  Rurges  and  James,  the  publishers, 
will  now  be  also  the  general  agents  of  the  "Review  and  "charged 
with  the  direction  of  its  financial  affairs." 

Volume  XI  consists  of  two  numbers,  twenty-one  and  twenty- 
two,  for  January  and  April,  L847,  and  consist  of  260  and  264 
pages,  respectively.  Number  XXI  contains  ten  long  articles  and 
eleven  short  "Critical  Notices."  The  long  articles  are:  "The 
Distribution  of  Wealth,"  "Labor,"  "Thimm's  Book  of  German 
Literature,"  "Festus,  a  Poem,"  reviewed;  "American  Litera- 
ture," "Mrs.  Dana's  Letters,"  "The  Modawaska  Settlement," 
"Mesmer  and  Swedenborg,"  and  "Proverbial  Philosophy."  Of 
these  the  most  noteworthv  is  the  essav  called  "American  Litem- 


74  THE  SOUTHERN    QUARTERLY   REVIEW. 

ture,"  which  is  a  fifty  page  argument  for  the  study  of  philoso- 
phy, particularly,  and  of  the  learned  branches  generally.  The 
title  is  a  misnomer,  but  the  essay  itself  is  better  than  its  sailing 
under  false  colors  would  seem  to  indicate. 

The  first  of  the  "Critical  Xotiees"  is  a  review  of  a  work  by 
M.  F.  Maury,  called  "Astronomical  Observations  Made  During 
the  Year  1845,"  etc. 

Number  XXII  contains  seven  leading  essays  or  reviews,  six 
"Critical  Xotiees, "  an  "Address  to  the  Patrons  of  the  Review, 
and  to  the  People  of  the  South,"  and  "Editorial  Xotes." 

With  this  number  begins  the  editorship  of  Milton  Clapp,  suc- 
cessor to  Daniel  K.  Whitaker,  whose  control  of  the  magazine 
ceased  with  the  last  number,  which  was  published  by  the  new 
proprietors  and  former  printers  of  the  Review,  Burges  &  -James. 

Writing  in  April,  1847,  and  speaking  of  the  Quarterly,  De- 
Bow,  of  Xew  Orleans,  where  he  was  then  editing  his  Commer- 
cial Review,  says:  "It  is'now  in  new  hands;  we  know  the  editor 
— the  South  can  produce  few  better  scholars."  The  new  editor 
had  for  been  several  years  editor  of  the  Charleston  Mercury,  and 
had  won  "high  laurels  in  the  political  field. "  DeBow  tells  us 
that  Mr.  Clapp  "  *  *  *  inspired  the  confidence  of  the 
South  and  added  to  himself  additional  laurels." 

The  long  articles  of  this  number  are :  "Address  to  the  Pa- 
trons," by  the  editor;  "Athens  and  the  Athenians/'  "The  Life 
and  Correspondence  of  John  Foster,"  "The  Election  of  Electors 
of  President  and  Vice-President  of  the  United  States,"  "The 
Wihnot  Proviso."  "Pond's  Plato,"  "The  Autobiography  of 
Goethe,"  and  "The  Revolutionary  History  of  South  Carolina." 
In  his  "address"  the  editor  praises  the  perseverance  of  the  re- 
tiring editor,  D.  K.  Whitaker,  announces  the  new  regime  of  the 
Review,  ami  oulines  the  future  policy  and  purpose  of  the 
Quarterly.  The  magazine  is  to  be  given  a  wider  scope— "Xo 
topic  is  alien  to  its  pages,"  and  especial  emphasis  is  laid  upon 
the  desire  for  discussion  of  the  slavery  question. 

A   "List  of   Xew    Publications"   is  appended   to  the  usual  do 


Till'.  SOUTHERN    QUARTERLY   REVIEW. 


75 


partment  of  the  Review j  and  the  editor  publishes  a  note  of 
apology  for  a  delay  of  three  weeks  in  the  appearance  of  the  Re- 
view. In  this  note  he  tells  us  that  the  "transfer"  or  "change  of 
control"  was  made  after  the  1st  of  February,  and  that  he  him- 
self took  charge  the  middle  of  February. 

Volume  XII,  July  and  October,  1847,  was  published  by  Bur- 
ges  and  James.  The  editorial  conduct  of  the  Review  was  still 
in  the  hands  of  J.  Milton  Clapp.  The  first  number,  XXIII,  of 
the  series,  contains  eight  long;  articles  and  two  shorter  "Critical 
Notices,"  all  amounting  to  372  pages.  The  former  are:  "China 
and  the  Chinese,"  a  fifty  page  essay;  "Robert  Hall's  Works,"  a 
review  of  William  Elliott's  "Carolina  Sports,"  published  in 
1846,  by  Burges  and  -Tames:  "Slavery  in  the  United  Stales," 
"The  Valley  of  the  Amazon,"  "Ecclesiastical  History  of  Eng- 
land," "Fanny  Keinbler;"  a  review  of  Mrs.  Butler's  "A  Year  of 
Consolation;"  and  "The  Law  of  Libel,"  a  review  of  Dr.  Thos. 
Cooper's  work  on  that  subject.  One  of  the  two  "Critical  No- 
tices," which  arc  longer  and  fewer  in  number  than  usual  is  a 
review  of  Simm's  "Life  of  Captain  John  Smith." 

Number  XXIV  contains  seven  essays  and  nine  "Critical  No- 
tices." The  former  are:  "The  Quadrupeds  of  North  America," 
"Mutual  Influence  of  National  Literatures,"  "Mexico — Her 
People  and  Her  Revolutions,"  "Lives  of  the  Lord  Chancellors," 
"The  Territorial  Government  of  the  United  States,"  "Dr. 
Chalmers,"  and  "Lieder's  'Political  Ethics.'  "  Of  these,  the 
second  is  a  review  of  "Select  Specimens  of  Foreign  Literature," 
a  serial  conducted  by  George  Ripley,  in  Boston.  The  author  of 
the  Review  commends  this  and  other  efforts  to  familiarize 
Americans  with  the  best  foreign  literature,  and  he  denies  that  to 
ignore  such  works  in  favor  of  native  productions  will  benefit  the 
cause  of  American  literature.  Among  the  "Critical  Xotices" 
are  a  review  of  W.  C.  Ptives's  discourse  on  the  "Uses  and  Im- 
portance of  History,"  and  a  notice  of  the  "Southern  Presbyte- 
rian Review,  of  Columbia.  S.  0."  The  number  contains  2<U 
pages. 

Volume  XTTT  begins  the  issue  for  1848,  and  contains  two 


76  THE  SOUTHERN  QUARTERLY  REVIEW. 

numbers,  January  and  April,  of  the  whole  series  numbers  XXV 
and  XXVI,  of  272  and  2(>4  pages,  respectively. 

Number  XXV  contains  six  leading  articles  and  seven  "Criti- 
cal Notices."  The  former  are:  "War  and  its  Incidents,"  "The 
Turkish  Language,"  "McKenzie's  Works,"  "The  Growth  and 
Consumption  of  Cotton,"  "Prescott's  'Conquest  of  Peru,'  "'  and 
"British  Reviewers  and  the  United  States."  Article  six  is  an 
able  plea  for  harmony  between  the  two  great  peoples  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon  race.  The  author  deprecates  the  harshness  of 
Erifflish  criticism,  and  contends  that,  owing  to  its  short  exist- 
ence  and  the  stress  of  two  considerable  wars,  the  American  pen- 
pie  has  had  neither  time  nor  leisure  for  the  development  of  a 
literature.  "The  genius  of  the  American  people,"  says  he,  "is 
too  youthful  for  poetry.  .  .  .  To  write  poetry  well,  it  is 
requisite  that  the  people  of  a  country  should  have  attained  that 
state  in  which  they  repose  from  labor  to  a  certain  degree, 
in  which  men  sit  down  to  enjoy  the  fruits  of  a  long  period  of 
exertion  in  the  industrial  arts,"  and  with  such  reasoning  he 
argues  against  the  demand  for  a  prompt  appearance  of  a  dis- 
tinctly American  literature.  The  article  is  a  well  written  essay 
of  nearly  forty  pages.  AmOng  the  "( Iritical  Notices,"  "A  Voice 
from  the  South''  is  most  considerable.  Ft  is  a  seven  page  dis- 
cussion of  a  pamphlet  on  the  slavery  question. 

Number  XXVI  consists  of  seven  long  articles  and  five  "Criti- 
cal Notices."  The  former  are:  The  conclusion  of  the  review  of 
"Prescott's '<  'onquest  of  Pern  ;:"a  review  of  Airs. Lincoln  Phelp's 
"Ida  Norman,"  "A  New  Route  to  China,"  "The  History  and 
Economy  of  Railroads;"  "North  American  Foxes;"  a  review  of 
"The  Viviparous  Quadrupeds  of  North  America,"  by  Andnhon 
and  Bachman ;  "The  Philosophical  Character  of  Swedenborg," 
and  "A  History  of  Georgia." 

Among  the  "Critical  Notices''  is  a  review,  longer  than  usual 
in  this  department,  of  the  miscellaneous  writings  of  Simms. 

Volume  XIV  completes  the  issue  for  1848,  with  the  July  and 
October  uumbers  of  that  year,  which  contain  260  and  281  pages, 
respectively.      The  first  of  these.  Number  X  XV  1  [,  contains  nine 


THE  SOUTHERN   QUARTERLY   REVIEW.  77 

Ions:  articles  and  three  "Critical  Notices."  The  former  are: 
"Progress  of  Political'  Economy,"  "South  Carolina  in  the  Revo- 
lution,"  "Carlyle's  Work,"  "Fugitive  Poetry  of  America/' 
"Hurlbut's  Essays,"  "The  Danger  and  Safety  of  the  Republic," 
"'Religious  Instruction  of  Slaves,"  "The  Army  in  Texas,"  and 
"The  French  Republic."  The  most  notable  of  these,  from  a 
literary  standpoint,  is  the  thirty  page  essay  on  "American  Fugi- 
tive Poetry."  "With  us,"  says  the  author,  after  a  lengthy  re- 
view of  American  and  foreign  literary  conditions,  "literature  is 
an  amusement  and  a  relaxation,  rather  than  a  business."  The 
intention  of  the  reviewer  is  to  write  of  authors  not  generally 
known  as  writers  of  fugitive  verse.  With  this  design,  he  dis- 
cusses Edgar  Allan  Poe  and  his  "Raven,"  and  denies  merit  to 
the  latter;  John  J.  C.  Brainard,  and  his  "Migara"  and  "Mid- 
shipman Merry's  Lament1':  Mrs.  Francis  S.  Osgood  and  her 
poem,  "The  Missing  Gifts";  William  Wallace  and  his  poem, 
"The  Statuary":  "Gretta,"  of  Baltimore,  and  several  anony- 
mous poems. 

Number  XXVTTT  embraces  seven  long  articles.  There  is  no 
department  of  "Critical  Notices."  The  articles  are:  ""'The 
Siege  of  Charleston  in  the  American  Revolution,"  "Taylor's 
Notes  from  Life,"  "Brook's  Classics,"  "Slavery  Among  the 
Romans,"  "Legal  Education,"  "Chaucer,"  and  "Headley's  'Life 
of  Cromwell.'  '  Of  these,  the  most  noticeable  is  the  fifty-seven 
page  essay  on  "Chaucer." 

Volume  XV,  April  and  July,  1849,  marks  the  beginning  of 
William  Gilmore  Simm's  editorship  of  tho  QuctXrtierl/y.  Tn 
March  of  that  year  J.  Milton  Clapp  was  succeeded  by  the  "one 
professional  writer  of  the  South,"  who  undertook,  at  a  salary  of 
one  thousand  dollars  a  year,  to  revivify  the  Review,  or,  more  ac- 
curately, perhaps,  to  enliven  it,  for  it  had  never  been  either  quite 
dead  or  very  sprightly.  It,  would  very  probably  have  been 
thought  that  if  there  was  any  man  in  the  South  who  could  make 
a  success  of  the  Quarterly,  which  had  been  rather  on  the  down 
hill  path  for  some  time,  that  man  was  Simms.      For  not  only 


78  THE   SOUTHERN   QUARTERLY   REVIEW. 

was  he  an  author  of  some  general  and  very  great  local  reputa- 
tion, but  he  was  also  an  experienced  journalist  and  editor,  al- 
though his  signally  poor  success  in  his  attempt  at  magazine  cul- 
ture, and  the  generally  brief  existence  of  his  journalistic  nurs- 
lings, had  left  it  as  a  matter  of  doubt  whether  Charleston  con- 
ditions or  the  superintendence  of  Simms  were  the  more  certain 
cause  of  sudden  death  to  a  magazine.  Xevertheless,  great 
hopes  were  raised  for  the  Quarterly,  and  results  seemed  for 
awhile  to  justify  the  expectations  of  the  most,  hopeful ;  for  the 
publication  did  improve  at  once,  and  seemed  to  promise  greater 
things,  but  the  promise  may  hardly  be  said  to  have  been  ful- 
filled. Simms  was  ;i  man  of  remarkable  energy  and  activity, 
and  while  he  was  editing  the  Southern  Quarterly  Review,  he  was 
writing  for  other  magazines,  lecturing  from  city  to  city,  writing 
romances,  carrying  on  a  vigorous  correspondence,  and  in  many 
other  ways  dividing  the  energies  that  would  have  made  him  more 
noticeably  successful,  had  he  concentrated  them  upon  almost  any 
one  of  the  departments,  than  he  could  possibly  be  with  his  interest 
and  time  so  divided.  Along  with  the  others,  the  Quarterly  suf- 
fered also,  and  hastily  composed  articles  helped  superficial  re- 
views to  deaden  the  influence  of  the  Review  and  bring  disap- 
pointment to  the  bright  hopes  that  had  at  first  seemed  well 
grounded.  After  nearly  seven  years  of  this  insufficient  atten- 
tion the  Quarterly  was  turned  over,  in  1855,  to  the  publisher — 
and  another  magazine  soon  went  the  way  of  its  kind  in  Charles- 
ton* 

The  first  number,  XXTX  of  the  whole  series,  shows  some 
changes  of  arrangement,  such  as  the  departments  called  "Quar- 
terly List,  of  Xew  Publications"  and  "Literary  Intelligence." 
In  addition  to  these,  there  are  six  long  articles  and  three  "Criti- 
cal Xotices."  The  articles  are:  ''Political  Economy,"  "Modern 
Prose  Fiction,"  "Origin  of  the  War  With  Mexico,"  "Guizot's 
'Democracy  in  France,'  "  "Slavery  and  the  Abolitionists,"  and 
"Railroad  and  Canal  Pontes  to  California."     Perhaps  the  most 

*  For  this  period  of  Simim's  Life,  cf.  Trent,  Life  of  Simms 


THE  SOUTHERN    QUARTERLY   REVIEW.  79 

valuable  of  these  is  the  forty  page  essay  beginning  on  page  41, 
on  "Modern  Fiction." 

Among  the  "Critical  Notices"  is  a  review  of  Jared  Sparks's 
editions  of  Washington's  works.  The  department  of  "Xew  Pub- 
lications" contains  a  valuable  classified  list  of  recent  books, 
pamphlets  and  speeches.  The  "Literary  Intelligence"  is  an  an- 
nouncement of  John  P.  Kennedy's  "Life  of  William  Wirt." 

Number  XXX  contains  eleven  Long  articles  and  four  "Criti- 
cal Xotices."  There  are  no  other  departments.  The  chief  ar- 
ticles are:  "The  North  and  the  South,'''  "Union  of  Church  and 
State,"  "The  Fine  Arts  in  America,"  "Justice  and  Fraternity," 
"XTaeaulay's  History  of  England,"  "The  Conquest  of  Califor- 
nia, and  the  Case  of  Lieutenant-Colonel  Fremont,"  "Genera 
Llora-  America1  Boreali  Orientali,  Illustrated,"  "The  Fall  of  the 
Sloop  of  War  Wasp,"  "Barhydl's  Industrial  Exchanges,"  "Later 
Poems  of  Henry  Taylor,"  and  a  "Monograph  on  the  Fossil 
Squalida'  of  the  United  States."  These  two  numbers  contain 
270  and  274  pages,  respectively,  slightly  more  than  usual. 

The  new  arrangement  of  the  affairs  of  the  Quarterly  at  the  be- 
ginning of  1849  delayed  the  publication  of  the  first  number,  and 
instead  of  appearing  in  February,  it  was  published  in  April. 
The  May  number  was  not  issued  until  duly,  and  consequently 
one  whole  number  was  passed  by  and  only  three  numbers  issued 
that  year.  The  last  of  these,  for  October,  constitutes,  with  the 
issue  for  January,  1850,  the  sixteenth  volume. 

Number  XXXI,  October,  contains  eleven  long  articles  and  a 
very  much  extended  department  of  "Critical  Notices,"  of  which 
there  are  4t>.  The  long- articles  are:  "Nineveh  and  its  Re- 
mains," "Free  School  System  in  South  Carolina,"  "Histoire  des 
Girondins,  par  A.  De  Lamartine,"  "Oeuvres  de  Spinoza,"  "Cali- 
fornia," "The  Philosophy  of  the  Beautiful,  from  the  French  of 
Cousin;"  "The  Right  to  Labor,"  "The  Report  on  the  Geology  of 
South  Carolina,"  "Characteristics  of  Alabama,"  "Fl  Busapie," 
and  "Recent  American  Poets." 

In  the  last  of  these  essays  are  reviews  of  the  poems  of  Bayard 
Taylor,  of  Rev.   Ralph  Hoyt,  and  of  two  South  Carolinians,  J. 


80  THE  SOUTHERN    QUARTERLY   REVIEW. 

M.  Legare  ( Orte  Undis  and  other  poems,  Boston :  Tieknor  & 
Co.,  1849),  and  Robert  P.  Hall  (poems  by  a  South  Carolinian. 
Charleston:  Sam'l  Hart.  1848). 

Number  XXXII  (January,  1850)  contains  eight  long  arti- 
cles. There  are  no  ''Critical  Xotices."  The  former  are:  "The 
Present.  State  of  Europe,''  "Charicles,  or  Illustrations  of  the 
Private  Life  of  the  Ancient  Greeks,"  "British  West  India  Is- 
lands," "Dramatic  Literature,"  "The  Anatomy  of  the  Xaviga- 
tion  Laws,"  "Opinions  of  the  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States,"  "The  Constitutions  of  France.  Monarchical 
and  Republican,"  and  "Philosophic  Theology."  The  article  on 
"Dramatic  Literature"  is  a  review  of  George  Booker's  "Calay- 
nos,"  but  extends  to  a  general  essay. 

Volume  XYT1  of  the  first  series  of  the  Quarterly  begin-  a 
new  series,  of  which  it  is,  consequently.  Volume  I,  April  and 
July,  1850.     On  the  title  page  we  find  : 

"Published  by  Walker  and  Richards, 

To  whom  all  communications  must  be  addressed. 

Steam-Power  Press  of  Walker  and  James, 

101    Last  Bay." 

This  change  was  due  to  the  failure  of  the  old  firm  of  Bnrges 
&  Tames,  and  the  passing  of  the  magazine  into  new  hands. 
Charleston  continued  to  be  the  home  of  the  Quarterly,  and 
Simms  its  editor. 

The  volume  contains  no  separate  table  of  contents  for  each 
number,  as  before:  but  there  is  an  appended  general  index  of 
the  whole  volume. 

The  April  number,  whole  number  •*!•'),  new  number  1,  con- 
tains ten  long  article-  and  sixty-three  "Critical  Notices."  The 
long  articles  are:  "The  Mines  of  California,"  "Oration  Before 
the  South  Carolina  College,"  "^Navigation  Laws."  "The  Re- 
lations Between  Spain  and  England,"  "Philosophic  Theology," 
"Cryptogamous  Origin  of  Fevers/'  "Humboldt's  'Aspects  of 
NTature,' "  "Glimpses  of  Spain,"  and  "Kennedy's  'Life  of 
Wirt.'  " 


THE  SOUTHERN  QUARTERLY  REVIEW.  81 

Among  the  numerous  "Critical  Xot  i(•(■s,,  especially  notice 
able  are  those  of  "Dr.  Baehman's  'The  Doctrine  of  the  Unity 
of  the  Human  Race'";  "The  Schoolfellow,"  a  juvenile  maga- 
zine, edited  by  William  C.  Richards,  and  published  in  Charles- 
ton; and  "Notice  to  Mariners,"  by  M.  F.  Maury.  The  number 
contains  '272  pa,i>es,  and   no  editorial  notices. 

New  series  No.  2,  July,  contains  nine  leading  articles,  thirty- 
nine  "Critical  Notices, "  and  a  department  of  "Scientific  and 
Literary  Intelligence."  The  Long  articles  are:  "California 
Gold  and  European  Revolution,"  "Ellett's  'Women  ,' "  "Senti- 
mental Prose  Fiction,"  "Tuckerman's  'Essays  and  Essayists,'' 
"Lyell's  Second  Visit  to  the  United  States,"  "Physical  Eistory 
of  the  Jewish  Race,"  "Jury  Trial  and  the  Federal  Court," 
"Philosophic  Theology"  (continued),  and  "Manual  of  Ancient 
Geography  and  History."  In  the  thirty-eighth  "Critical  No- 
tice" is  a  separately  numbered  review  of  i>(.>  new  novels,  among 
whi(d)  are:  "Odd  Leaves  from  the  Life  of  a  Louisiana  'Swamp 
Doctor,'  "  and  several  equally  unfamiliar  titles  of  Southern 
works. 

Volume  TI  of  the  New  Series,  NYIII  of  the  old  issue,  con- 
tains two  numbers,  for  September  and  November,  1850,  of  272 
pages  each.  Each  number  has  its  separate  table  of  contents. 
The  first,  whole  number  thirty-five,  contains  ten  long  articles 
and  eighteen  classes  of  "Critical  Notices."  The  former  are: 
"Wordsworth's  Writings,"  "Summer  Travel  in  the  South," 
"Topics  in  the  History  of  South  Carolina,"  "History  of  Span- 
ish Literature,"  "The  Government  and  the  Currency,"  "Baker's 
'Anne  Holey n,'  "  "Law  Reports  and  Reporters,"  "The  Na- 
tional Anniversary,"  "The  Southern  Convention,"  ami  "Bai- 
ley's 'Angel  World.'  " 

The  November  number  contains  ten  long  articles  and  sev- 
enteen "Critical  Notices."  The  former  are  :  "Ticknor's  'Span- 
ish Literature,'"  "Carlyle's  'Latter  Day  Pamphlets,'"  "The 
Penitentiary  System,"  "Miles  Mohammed,  a  Tragedy,"  "An- 
cient and  Scriptural  Chronology,"  "The  Battles  of  the  Rio 
Grande,"  "The  Judiciary  System  of  South  Carolina,"  "John 


82 


THE  SOUTHERN   QUARTERLY  REVIEW. 


Caldwell   Calhoun,"   "March's   'Reminiscences  of   Congress,'' 
and  "Military  School  of  South  Carolina." 

The  first  of  the  "( Critical  Notices"  is  a  review  of  "In  Memo- 
riam,"  "understood  to  he  by  Alfred  Tennyson."  The  reviewer 
has  high  hopes  for  Tennyson's  future,  but  not  very  high  praise 
for  the  memorial  to  Hallam,  and  says:  "For  the  volume  be- 
fore us,  a  few  words  will  suffice.  It  contains,  undoubtedly,  a 
considerable  proportion  of  excellent  verse,  .  .  .  but  the  plan 
of  the  volume  is  monotonous."  Altogether  the  notice  leads  us 
to  think  there  must  have  been  something  fatally  wrong  in  Mr. 
Simms'  canons  of  poetical  criticism  and  appreciation. 

Volume  III  (whole  number  XIX)  contains  the  numbers 
(X.  S.  5  and  0,  old  series  37  and  38)  for  January  and  April, 
1851.  The  first  contains  nine  long  articles  and  fifty-four 
"Critical  Notices."  The  former  arc:  "History  of  the  Polk 
Administration,"  "Mental  Hygiene,"  "The  Genius  and  Writ- 
ings of  Thackeray,"  "The  Rights  of  the  Slave  States/'  "The 
Battle  of  Buena  Vista,"  "Is  Southern  Civilization  Worth  Pre- 
serving?" "Writings  of  Professor  Francis,"  "Elementary 
Sketches  of  Moral  Philosophy,"  and  "Tallulah  and  Other  Po- 
ems." The  sixth  of  these  is  an  impassioned  defence  of  the 
South  against  the  Northern  anti-slavery  and  anti- State-rights 
movements.  The  last  article  is  a  review  of  a  volume  of  poetry 
by  Henry  R.  Jackson,  published  in  Savannah,  1858,  by  J.  X. 
Cooper.  After  free  quotation  from  the  poems,  the  reviewer 
concludes:  "With  a  sweet  and  lively  fancy,  chaste  and  spirited, 
our  author  unites  correct  and  appropriate  thought,  a  pure  moral, 
a  faculty  for  song,  which,  with  proper  training,  will  hardly 
shrink  from  comparison  with  the  best  of  our  lyrists." 

Among  the  "Critical  Notices,"  especially  noteworthy  here, 
are  those  of  the  "Position  ami  ( 'ourse  of  the  South  (  by  William 
Henry  Trescott.  Charleston:  1850),  and  "Education  and  Lit- 
erature in  Virginia"  (by  John  R.  Thompson,  Richmond:  II. 
K.  Ellyson,  L850). 

The  April  number  contains  eleven  long  articles   and  fifty-five 


THE  SOUTHERN  QUARTERLY   REVIEW.  83 

"Critical  Notices."  The  former  arc:  "Slavery  Throughout 
the  World,"  "Cimon  and  Pericles,"  a  review  based  upon  Bishop 
Thirlwall's  History  of  Greece;  "Arnericus  Vespucius,"  "Diver- 
sity of  the  Races ;  Its  Bearing  Upon  Negro  Slavery,"  "Physical 
Science  in  Its  Relation  to  Natural  and  Revealed  Religion," 
"Everett's  Orations  and  Speeches,"  "Journalism  in  the  United 
States,"  "The  Poetical  Remains  of  Mary  E.  Lee,"  a  review  of 
a  book  of  that  title,  edited  by  S.  Gilman,  I).  D.,  printed  by 
Walker  &  Richards,  Charleston;  "Rural  Cemeteries,"  "The 
Prospect  Before  Us,"  and  "An  Inquiry  Into  Roman  Jurispru- 
dence." Of  these,  the  article  on  American  Journalism  deserves 
special  note  here.  The  first  and  larger  part  of  the  article  is 
given  to  the  discussion  of  the  general  aspects  of  newspaper 
publishing  in  this  country  without  reference  to  particular  pa- 
pers, and  hence  its  historical  value  is  not  great;  the  latter  part 
deals  with  the  subject  of  "Literary  Journals,"  and  is  somewhat 
fuller  in  its  historical  information,  though  far  from  exhaustive. 
The  long  series  of  "Critical  Notices"  contains  the  names  of 
many  of  the  most  important,  and  not  a  few  lastingly  unim- 
portant, books  of  the  year. 

Volume  XX.  New  Series  IV,  contains  the  issues  for  July 
and  October,  1851,  of  272  pages  each.  The  first  of  these  con- 
sists of  nine  leading  essays,  and  fifty-three  "Critical  Xotiees." 
The  former  are:  "Ida  Siege  of  Vera  Cruz,"  "Garland's  Life 
of  Randolph,"  "Cains  Gracchus,"  "Gayarre's  'Louisiana,'" 
"Hammond's  Eulogy  Upon  Calhoun,"  "Negro  and  White 
Slavery — Wherein  Do  They  Differ?"  "Lord  Holland's  Reminis- 
cences," "Islamism,"  and  "Pritchard's  'Unity  of  the  Races.'  ' 
Perhaps  the  most  notable  of  these  is  the  review  of  Hugh  A. 
Garland's  "Life  of  John  Randolph"  (  Xew  York:  I).  Appleton 
&  Company,  1850).  The  article  was  written  by  Judge  Bev- 
erley Tucker,  who  was  John  Randolph's  half  brother,  and  whose 
authority  is  hence  very  valuable  on  the  historical  side  of  the 
subject.  The  article  is  twenty  pages  long,  and  begins  on  page 
41. 


84  THE  SOUTHERN   QUARTERLY  REVIEW. 

Among  the  "Critical  Xotices,"  a  review  of  "Maury's  Inves- 
tigations of  the  Winds  and  Currents  of  the  Sea"  (Washing- 
ton: C.  Alexander,  1851);  "Barnwell's  'Arguments  of  Sepa- 
rate Action'  "  ( ( Iharleston  :  Walker  >v  James,  1851)  ;  "A  Xotice 
of  'Traditions  and  Reminiscences,'  '  by  Joseph  Johnson 
(Charleston:  Walker  &  James,  1851);  ''History  of  Alabama, 
Georgia  and  Mississippi  from  the  Earliest  Times,"  by  Albert 
James  Pickett  (Charleston:  Walker  &  James,  1851).  and 
"The  Probable  Relations  Between  Megnetism  and  the  Circula- 
tion of  the  Atmosphere,"  by  M.  F.  Maury  (  Washington :  C. 
Alexander,  1851),  are  included. 

The  October  number,  whole  number  4T),  contains  nine  long 
articles  and  an  unusually  short  list  of  "Critical  Notices, "  four- 
teen in  all.  The  long  articles  are:  "South  Carolina — Her  Pres- 
ent Attitude  and  Future  Action,"  "Separate  Secession,"  "Pop- 
ular Discourses  and  Orations,"  "The  Athenian  Orators,"  "On 
the  Philosophy  of  'Language,'  '  "Kavanagh's  'Woman  in 
France,''1  "The  Diversity  and  Origin  of  Human  Races," 
"Popular  Education,"  and  "Gleanings  from  Xeglected  Poetry." 
The  second  article  is  a  typical  South  Carolina  ante-bellum  arti- 
cle; for,  though  the  author  protests  against  "Separate  Seces- 
sion," he  has  no  doubt  about  the  desirability  of  a  general  seces- 
sion of  Southern  States:  witness:  "We  have  no  love  for  the 
Union  ;  we  have  no  fear  of  its  dissolution.  Welcome  as  sum- 
mer showers  to  the  sun-parched  earth,  welcome  as  heaven's  free 
air  to  the  heartsick  tenant  of  a  dungeon,  would  come  to  us  the 
voice  of  freedom,  the  word,  the  deed,  which  would  tend  to 
burst  our  bonds,  and  in  earnest  faith,  contribute  to  the  dis- 
ruption of  this  proud  fabric,  .  .  .  which,  under  the  name 
of  Union,  threatens  to  crush  us  beneath  its  unholy  power." 

The  article  on  "Popular  Education"  is  a  plea  for  better  gen- 
eral education  in  the  South,  and  an  endorsation  of  "common 
schools,"  whose  lack  of  support  and  equipment  in  the  South  the 
author  laments. 

The  last  article  is  a  study  of  ancient  ami  foreign  "\re<rlected 


THE  SOUTHERN  QUARTERLY  REVIEW.  85 

Poetry,"  which  might  well  have  been  displaced  by  a  similar 
essay  ^n  works  nearer  in  place  and  time. 

The  eighth  "Critical  Notice"  relates  to  "Calhoun's  Works," 
edited  by  Richard  K.  Cralle,  of  Virginia. 

Volume  XXI,  Xew  Series  V,  contains  the  numbers  for  Jan- 
uary and  April,  1852,  of  272  pages  each.  The  table  of  con- 
tents is  arranged  alphabetically  instead  of  in  order  of  inser- 
tion, as  heretofore.  The  January  number  contains  eleven  long 
articles  and  a  long  array  of  "Critical  Xotices."  The  leading 
articles  are:  "The  Invasion  of  Cuba,"  "Relations  of  Geology 
to  Theology,"  "Kennedy's  'Swallow  Barn,'  "  "Modern  Art," 
"Female  Prose  Writers  of  America/'  "Battle  of  Cerro  Gordo," 
"Negro  Mania— Race,"  "Gift  Books  and  Annuals,"  "Pickett's 
History  of  Alabama,"  "Treatment  of  Slaves  in  the  Southern 
States,"  and  "Letter  from  Hugh  A.  Garland,  Esq.,  in  relation 
to  the  review  of  his  'Life  of  John  Randolph/  '  As  usual,  the 
"Critical  Xotices"  contain  a  valuable  list  of  the  publications 
of  the  year. 

The  April  number  embraces  eight  long  articles  and  a  few 
"Critical  Notices."  The  former  are :  "American  Agriculture," 
"California  Gold,"  "Enfranchisement  of  Women,"  "Authority 
in  Matters  of  Opinion/'  "The  Battle  of  Contreras,"  "Halm's 
'Son  of  the  Wilderness,'  "  "The  Phonetic  Bible,"  and  "Domes- 
tic Histories  of  the  South."  The  last  article  is  a  review  of 
two  historical  essays  by  George  R.  Gilmer  (Athens:  White  & 
Brother,  1851),  and  John  P.  Kennedy  (  Baltimore:  John  Mur- 
phy &  Co.,  1851 ),  respectively. 

In  the  "Critical  Notices"  are  several  Southern  titles  of  minor 
importance,  such,  for  instance,  as  "Barnwell's  Moral  Claims  of 
Temperance"    (Parks  &  Co). 

Volume  XXTT,  Xew  Series  VI,  completes  flic  issue  for  1852, 
and  contains  the  numbers  for  July  and  October  of  that  year, 
of  280  and  208  pages,  respectively.  The  first  consists  of  ten 
long  articles  and  thirty-eight  pages  of  "Critical  Xotices."  The 
former  are :    "Pennsylvania  Iron  Memorial,"  "False  Views  of 


86  THE  SOUTHERN   QUARTERLY   REVIEW. 

History,"  "Cartwrighl  <>n  Negroes,"  "Men  and  Women  of  the 
Eighteenth  Century,"  "The  Battle  of  Churubusco,"  "Branty 
Mayor's  'Mexico,'  "  "The  Baron  DeKalb,"  "Kennedy's  'Horse- 
shoe Robinson,'  "  "Kossuth  and  Intervention,"  and  "The  Medi- 
cal Schools  of  the  South/'  The  review  of  Kennedy's  novel  is 
singularly  fair  and  appreciative,  especially  when  we  consider 
that  the  author  of  the  review  was  very  probably  Simms,  who 
wrote  a  novel  of  the  same  period  of  history  in  which  "Horseshoe- 
Robinson"  was  laid.  The  "Critical  Notices"  of  this  and  other 
volumes  of  Simms's  editorship  would  be  a  valuable  help  in  the 
compilation  of  a  Southern  bibliography. 

The  October  number,  whole  number  44,  contains  ten  long 
articles  and  twenty-eight  pages  of  short  "Critical  Notices." 
The  former  are:  "Battle  of  El  Molino  del  Kay,"  "The  Pro- 
prietary History  of  South  Carolina,"  "Value  of  Weirds — Lan- 
guage," "Marcus  Aurelius,"  "English  Universities,"  "Stephen's 
'History  of  France,'"  "Instruction  in  Schools  and  Colleges," 
"Laws  of  Life,"  "Building  ami  Loan  Associations,"  and  "The 
Natural  Characteristics  of  the  Bool?  of  donah."  Among  the 
works  cited  in  the  "Critical  Notices"  are  Maury's  Sailing  Di- 
rections" (fourth  edition),  "Wheeler's  Historical  Sketches  of 
North  Carolina,"  "E.  J.  Pringle's  'Slavery  in  the  Southern 
States,'"  "Griffin's  Southern  School  Books,"  "The  Law  of 
Work"  (by  T.  I5ihl>  Bradley,  of  Alabama),  "Trescott's  'Diplo- 
macy of  the  American  Revolution,'  "  and  other  Southern  works. 

Volume  XXIII,  published  by  Walker  &  Burke,  New  Scries 
VII,  begins  1813,  with  the  numbers  for  January  and  April, 
which  contain  272  pages  each.  The  first  of  these  includes, 
in  several  varieties  of  style,  seven  essays,  three  letters  to  the 
editor,  and  thirty-nine  pages  of  "Critical  Notices."  The  Long 
articles  are:  "Battle  of  Chapultepec,"  "The  Character  of  the 
Gentleman,"  "Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,"  "Political  Philosophy  of 
South  Carolina."  "Yellow  Fever  in  Charleston,"  "The  Desti 
nies  of  the  South,"  and  "Life  of  a  NTegro  Slave."  in  the  essay 
entitled   "The    Destinies  of  the   South,"   the   author  looks  for  a 


THE  SOUTHERN    QUARTERLY    REVIEW.  87 

dissolution  of  rho  Union  "by  the  action  of  the  State,  resolving 
it  back  into  its  integrate  parts  without  shedding"  the  blood  of 
civil  war — a  remarkable  forecast  for  a  South  Carolinian  in 
1853.  "Pro  and  ante-slavery  literature  constitutes  the  favorite 
sort  <>f  publication  at  the  present  moment,"  says  the  editor  at 
the  beginning  of  the  "Critical  Notices,"  and  his  list  of  title-' 
bears  out  the  statement.  Among  the  important  Southern  works 
noticed  are:  "The  Theory  of  the  Common  Lpw,"  by  James  M. 
Walker,  of  Charleston;  Gayarre's  "Louisiana,"  "DeBow's  In- 
dustrial resources  of  the  South  and  West,"  and  Dr.  Josiah 
Nott's  "Types  of  Mankind." 

The  April  number,  whole  number  46,  contains  six  long  ar- 
ticles and  thirty-six  pages  of  shorter  "Xotices."  The  former 
are:  "Oriental  Studies — A  Sixty-Page  Essay  on  Philology  and 
Linguistics,"  "Calhoun  on  Government,"  "American  Literature 
and  Charleston  Society,"  "Emancipation  in  the  British  West 
Indies,"  "State  and  Federal  Bills  of  Credit,"  and  "American 
Authorship."  Of  these  the  most  noteworthy  here  are  the  essays 
on  "American  Literature  and  Charleston  Society"  and  "Ameri- 
can Authorship."  The  first  of  these  inveighs  against  Ameri- 
can vanity  and  sensitiveness,  which  lie  declares  to  be  general 
causes  for  foreign  criticism.  The  hopefulness  of  his  view  of 
American  Letters  is  evident  when  he  says:  "Our  native,  origi- 
nal genius  has  but  just  begun  to  develop  itself."  The  purpose 
of  the  article  is  to  present  the  views  on  America  of  M.  Charles, 
professor  in  the  College  of  France.  The  latter  attributes  the 
non-appearance  of  great  poetry  in  America  to  the  lack  of  im- 
agination, which  is  "remembrance  idealized,"  and  the  nation 
is  not  old  enough  to  possess  a  national  "remembrance"  of  suffi- 
cient extent  to  form  the  ground  of  a  literature.  The  article 
concludes  with  a  lengthy  discussion  of  Carolina  social  and  lit- 
erary conditions.  The  second  article  is  an  essay,  developed 
around  a  review  of  Hawthorne's  "The  House  of  the  Seven  Ga- 
bles." The  author  laments  the  rarity  of  naturalness  and  origi- 
nality in  American  writing,  and  the  servile  imitation  of  English 


88  THE   SOUTHERN   QUARTERLY   KKVIEW. 

models ;  and  he  finds  the  best  means  to  the  end  of  establishing 
a  national  literature  "the  founding-  of  libraries,  good  schools, 
well-conducted  universities."  The  reviewer  is  very  certain  of 
the  merits  of  Hawthorne's  work,  and  concludes  with  the  state- 
ment that  "he  is  one  of  the  few  among  onr  young  American  au- 
thors to  whom  we  look  with  confidence  for  the  creation  of  Ameri- 
can literature."  Altogether,  we  have  seen  no  better  article  on 
the  subject  in  the  Southern  magazines  before  the  war. 

Volume  XXIV,  New  Series  VTII,  was  published  in  Charles- 
ton by  Walker  &  Burke,  8  Broad  street,  and  printed,  as  before, 
by  Walker  &  James.  It  contains  the  issues  for  July  and  Octo- 
ber. 1853,  of  288  and  268  pages,  respectively.  The  July  num- 
ber consists  of  eight  long  articles  and  thirty-three  pages  of 
"Critical  Notices."  The  former  are:  "State  of  Parties  and  the 
Country,"  ''College  and  University  Education  in  America," 
"Aboriginal  Race  of  America,"'  "Secondary  Combats  of  the 
Mexican  War,"  "Trench  on  'Proverbs,'  "  "The  Troqnois  Bour- 
bon," "The  Student — Love  of  Study,"  and  "Stowe's  'To  Uncle 
Tom's  ( labin.'  " 

Among  the  Southern  titles  cited  in  the  "Critical  Xotices" 
are:  "Xorth  and  South,"  by  A.  A.  Lipscomb,  and  "The  Char- 
acter and  Career  of  Demosthenes,"  by  G.  F.  Holmes;  "The 
British  Invasion  of  Xorth  Carolina,"  by  David  L.  Swain; 
"Robert  and  Harold,  or  the  Young  Marooners"  (Charleston: 
Courtenay,  1853),  and  "Poe's  Works." 

The  October  issue,  whole  number  18,  contains  ten  long  ar- 
ticles and  twenty-six  pages  of  "Critical  Xotices.''  The  former 
are:  "Sir  William  Hamilton's  'Discussions,'"  "Ramsay's  'An- 
nals of  Tennessee,'"  "British  and  American  Slavery,"  "Maury 
on  South  America  ami  Amazonia,  '  "Miles'  'De  Soto,'  "  "Politi- 
cal Institutions  of  Sparta  and  Athens,"  "What  Moves  the 
Table?"  "Locke  Among  the  Moonlings,"  "Septem  Contra 
Thebas,"  and  "Abuse  of  Suffrage." 

Among  the  "Critical  Notices"  are:  "Uncle  Robin  in  His 
Cabin   in  Virginia,  and  Tom  Without  One  in  Boston,"  by  J. 


THK  SOUTHERN   QUARTER!/?    REVIEW.  89 

W.  Page  (Richmond:  J.  W.   Randolph);  "Dr.  IT.  A.  Ramsay 

on  the  Southern  Negro,"  "Anti-Fanaticism,"  by  Martha 
Haynes  Butt,  and  "The  Connection  Between  Liberty  and  Elo- 
quence," by  William   IL.  Sales,  of  Georgia. 

With  Volume  XXV,  New  Series  IX,  the  Quarterly  ceased 
to  be  published  by  Walker  *.V  Burke,  and  was  published  by  "C 
Mortimer,"  Charleston,  who  names  on  the  title  page  of  the 
volume  London,  Baltimore,  Richmond,  and  Columbia  agents  of 
the  Review.     The  printers  were  Walker  &  James. 

Volume  XXVI,  Xew  Scries  X,  published  bv  Mortimer,  con- 
tains the  issue  for  July  and  October,  1854,  of  27.~>  and  ^04 
pages,  respectively.  The  first  contains  eleven  long  articles,  in- 
dexed in  order  of  insertion,  and  thirty-nine  pages  of  "Critical 
Notices."  The  long  articles  are:  "Napoleon  JIT  and  Augustus 
Ca?sar,"  "Political  Philosophy  of  South  Carolina,"  "Africans 
at  Home,"  "Napoleon  Bonaparte  and  Sir  liaison  Lowe,"  "What 
Is  Our  Government?"  "Necessity  of  the  ('lassies,"  "Les  Sa- 
vanes,  by  L'Abbe  Rouquette,"  "Passion  Flowers  of  Poetry," 
"South  Carolina  Military  Academies,"  "Butler's  Analogy,"  and 
"Banks  and    Banking." 

Among  the  "'Critical  Notices"  are:  "Notes  on  Virginia,"  by 
Jefferson;  "Descriptive  Sketches"  of  Virginia,  by  William  S. 
Forest;  "A  Lecture  on  the  Atmosphere,"  by  Bennet  Puryear; 
"Tempest  and  Sunshine,"  by  Mrs.  Mary  O.  Holmes;  "Rob  of 
the  Bowl,"  by  Kennedy. 

To  the  October  number  is  prefixed  a  "Publisher's  Address," 
in  which  we  are  told  that  this  number  was  published  in  Colum- 
bia, S.  ('.,  because  of  "the  prevailing  epidemic  in  Charleston." 
In  consequence  of  this  move,  the  Quarterly  was  late,  but  the 
publisher  hoped  to  be  ready  with  the  next  number.  The  pub- 
lisher says:  "Within  the  last  nine  months  we  have  greatly  in- 
creased our  subscription  list,  extended  the  circulation  of  the 
Review,  and  by  no  means  diminished  its  popularity.  Our  pe- 
riodical has  its  readers  not  only  in  every  State  of  the  Union 
but  also  in  London;  Paris  and  Berlin."      The  publisher  tells  of 


90  THE  SOUTHERK   QUARTERLY  REVIEW. 

"'great  pecuniary  embarrassments,"  and  pleads  at  great  length 
for  general  support. 

The  October  number  contains  nine  long  articles  and  twenty- 
four  pages  of  "Critical  Xotices."  The  former  are:  "On  the 
Unity  of  the  Human  Race,"  "East  Florida,"  "Marriage  and 
Divorce,"  "Essay  on  American  Society,"  "Political  Elements," 
"The  Prospects  and  Policy  of  the  South,"  "Petrarch's 
'Laura,'  '  "Political  Philosophy  of  South  Carolina,"  and 
"Northern  Periodicals  Versus  the  South."  Among  the  "Criti- 
cal Notices,"  are :  "Poems,"  by  Semlan  (  Charleston  :  John  Rus- 
sel,  1854),  and  "Influence  of  the  Mechanic  Arts,"  by  Charles 
Gayarre. 

Volume  XXVII,  Xcw  Series  XI,  was  published  at  Charles- 
ton by  C.  Mortimer,  and  contains  the  issues  for  January  and 
April,  1855,  of  270  and  209  pages,  respectively.  The  January 
number  was  delayed  by  a  fire  in  Columbia,  which  destroyed 
the  office  of  the  Quarterly  and  many  important  papers  which 
had  been  moved  there  from  Charleston  during  the  epidemic. 
The  number  contains,  on  poor  paper,  eight  long  articles  and 
eight  pages  of  "Critical  Xotices."  The  former  are:  "The 
Xorth  and  the  South,"  "Blunders  of  Hallam,"  "Powers  of  the 
General  Government,"  "The  Human  Family,"  "Constitution 
of  the  United  States,"  "Chemistry  of  Common  Life,"  "Party 
Leaders,"  and  "Recent  Social  Theories."  The  "Critical  Xo- 
tices" are  fewer  than  usual,  and  were  probably  not  written  by 
Simms,  who  "fell  out  with  his  publisher  during  this  year."  The 
latter  considered  himself  competent  to  edit  the  publication, 
and  Simms's  connection  with  the  Quarterly  would  have  ceased* 
hut  for  the  subscribers  to  the  Review. 

The  April  nnmher  contains  ten  long  articles,  and  twenty 
pages  of  "Critical  Xotices."  The  former  are :  "Benton's  'Thirty 
Fears  in  the  Senate.'"  "bonis  XIV,"  "The  Chief  Justice  of 
the  United  States,"  "Ruskin's  Architectural  Works,"  "The 
ltiisso-Tnrkish  Campaigns,"  "Principles  of  Art,"  "Ruth  Hall," 

*Cf.  Trent's  Life  of  Simms. 


THE  SOUTHERN  QUARTERLY  REVIEW 


91 


"American  Education,"  "Observations  on  the  History  of  Vir- 
ginia," and  "Applications  of  Chemistry."  The  next  to  the 
last  of  these  is  a  review  of  R.  M.  T.  Hunter's  "Discourse"  on 
that  subject. 

Aniong'  the  "Critical  Notices"  is  "The  Physical  Geography 
of  the  Sea,"  by  M.  F.  Maury. 

With  1855,  Sinims's  editorship  of  the  magazine  ends.  1 1  is 
conduct  of  the  Review  resulted  in  great  improvements  in  its 
literary  merits,  not  only  because  of  the  articles  that  he  himself 
contributed,  but  because  of  his  better  discrimination  in  the  se- 
lection of  contributed  articles.  During  his  editorship,  the  dull, 
technical  articles  that  had  so  often  usurped  the  pages  of  the 
Quarterly  were  not  so  common,  and  the  whole  tone  of  the  pub- 
lication was  higher  and  more  purely  literary.  An  especially 
valuable  part  of  Simms's  work,  too,  was  his  extension  of  the  de- 
partment of  "Critical  Xotices,"  in  which  he  gave  with  each 
number  fair  criticism  or  kindly  encouragement  to  scores  of 
rising  authors ;  and  Simms's  endorsation  meant  much  in  those 
days,  when  he  was  the  Dr.  Johnson  of  Southern  letters. 

The  last  volume  of  the  Quarterly,  a  copy  of  which  we  have 
been  unable  to  find,  was  published,  during  1856,  at  Columbia, 
S.  C.j  under  the  editorship  of  Dr.  Thornwell.* 

The  cessation  of  the  Quarterly  seems  to  have  been  chiefly  due 
to  failure  in  the  business  department,  and  in  part  to  the  demor- 
alizing influences  that  became  more  potent  as  the  inevitableness 
of  war  grew  more  apparent,  The  subscription  list  was  long, 
but  so  were  the  payments — in  coming — and,  after  Simms's  de- 
parture from  the  sinking  ship  it  was  submerged  and  lost  in  the 
turmoil  that  soon  broke  into  the  storm  of  war. 


Trent,  Life  of  Simms,  p.  212. 


CHAPTEE  IV. 
THE  SOUTHERN   LITERARY   MESSENGER. 

When  the  first  number  of  The  Southern  Literary  Messenger 
appeared  it  contained  letters  of  enconragement  and  congratu- 
lation written  to  the  publishers  of  the  magazine  by  eminent 
men  of  many  of  the  States  of  the  Union.  Among-  these  ex- 
pressions of  approvai  and  opinion  favorable  to  the  out- 
look of  the  enterprise,  it  is  especially  noteworthy  that  the 
Southern  writers  agree  in  believing  the  establishment  of  a  vig- 
orous literary  journal  a  most  important  advance  towards  the 
attainment  of  a  real  literature  in  the  South.  The  possibili- 
ties of  the  Messenger  in  this  field  were  perceived  by  its  first 
editors,  who  took  care  to  emphasize  this  fact  by  frequent  state- 
ments of  the  purpose  of  the  magazine.  For  example,  in  the 
third  number  (for  November,  L834)  it  is  editorially  stated 
that,  "The  Messenger  is  designed  ehiefly  to  encourage  the  prac- 
tice of  literary  composition  among  our  own  writers";  and 
again,  in  an  editorial  of  the  following  February,  we  find  "its 
principal  aim"  has  been  "to  foster  and  encourage  native  ge- 
nius." 

With  such  laudable  and  patriotic  aims.  "The  Sou/hern  Lit- 
erary Messenger"  was  begun  in  Richmond,  Virginia,  in  the 
year  ls:>4.  Frery  condition  seemed  to  favor  the  new  enter- 
prise. Not  only  did  it  receive  the  ready  and  sincere  eneour- 
agemenl  of  many  men  of  letters,  but  it  was  also  singularly 
fortunate  in  rhe  time  of  its  beginning.  There  were  great  ques- 
tions of  far-reaching  importance  before  the  people  of  the  ffnited 
States,  and  in  the  South  the  heat  of  party  discord  was  fast 
maturing  the  crysalis  of  the  strife  that  was  to  conic  thirty 
years  later.  In  ls.'io,  Hayno  and  Webster  had  met  in  their 
memorable  debate  on  the  question  of  State  Rights;  then,  two 
years  later,  South  Carolina  had  passed  her  ordinance  of  nulli- 


THE   SOUTHERN    LITERARY   .MESSENGER. 


93 


tication,  and  the  consequent  difficulties  continued  until  Clay's 
Compromise  Tariff  gave  a  temporary  relief.  But  though  the 
tariff  question  was  compromised,  there  was  another  great  ques- 
tion, also  involved  in  the  State  rights  dispute,  which  threat- 
ened the  country.  This  was  the  slavery  question.  The  want 
of  tactfulness  in  Jackson's  administration  had  resulted  in 
strife  between  the  executive  and  legislative  departments  of  the 
government,  and  where  conciliation  and  compromise  should 
have  been  employed  obstinacy  and  narrow-mindedness  had  ag- 
gravated difficulties  that  could  have  been  avoided  by  a  more 
tactful  policy.  As  von  Hoist  lias  rightly  said,  "The  adminis- 
tration of  Jackson  systematically  undermined  the  public  ap- 
preciation of  right,  and  diminished  the  respect  of  the  people  for 
the  good." 

This  preliminary  consideration  of  the  conditions  of  the  Mes- 
senger's environment  is  essential  to  a  proper  appreciation  of  its 
relation  to  the  public,  and  necessary  if  we  would  have  a  correct 
understanding  of  the  great  moving  causes  operative  in  the  minds 
of  the  contributors.  The  long  articles  that  now  very  naturally 
seem  tedious  and  uninteresting,  because  of  their  minute  dealing 
with  the  tariff  question  and  their  consequent  citation  of  for- 
midable tables  of  facts  and  figures,  were  then  vital  with  inter- 
est to  their  authors  and  readers,  to  whom  protection  and  free- 
trade,  State-rights  and  federation,  were  of  paramount  impor- 
tance. It  is  not  to  be  understood  from  the  emphasis  that  has 
been  placed  upon  the  influence  and  importance,  of  questions  of 
constitutional  interpretation,  thai  the  Messenger  was  in  any 
way  given  up  to  merely  political  discussion,  for  this  was  far 
from  true;  but  the  predominant  interest  of  such  questions  as 
have  been  referred  to  caused  them  to  exercise  a  powerful  influ- 
ence upon  many  writers  whose  work  lay  in  other  fields  than 
those  purely  political. 

Tlie  Southern  Literary  Messenger  wras  fortunate,  not  only 
in  its  conditions  and  its  situation  in  time,  but  also  in  the  place 
selected  as  its  Borne.     The  capital  of  Virginia  was  for  many 


94  THE  SOUTHERN   LITERARY  MESSENGER. 

reasons  the  most  suitable  city  in  the  South  for  the  establish- 
ment of  a  great  Southern  magazine.  In  addition  to  its  promi- 
nence as  the  chief  city  of  the  chief  State  among  the  original 
founders  of  the  Republic,  Richmond  was  the  most  advantage- 
ous situation  for  the  location  of  such  an  enterprise  because  of 
its  middle  position  between  the  North  and  the  extreme  South, 
and  because  it  offered,  by  virtue  of  its  comparatively  large 
number  of  cultured  citizens,  a  fair  prospect  of  a  paying  sub- 
scription list;  and,  furthermore,  there  was  no  rival  magazine 
to  dispute  the  possession  of  the  field.  Aside  from  the  other 
advantages,  the  last-named  circumstance  was  sufficient  to  give 
the  choice  to  Richmond  in  preference  to  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  which  would  have  been  in  other  respects,  because 
of  its  well-known  character  as  a  centre  of  literary  activity,  a 
close  rival  to  the  Virginia  capital.  1  nen,  too,  to  Charleston,  and 
especiallv  to  Xew  Orleans,  there  was  attached  the  disadvan- 
tage of  location  too  far  South,  a  circumstance  which  would 
have  resulted  in  giving  the  magazine  a  more  distinctly  sec- 
tional character. 

Though  so  much  seemed  to  favor  the  enterprise,  it  is  not 
to  be  supposed  that  there  was  no  difficulty  in  the  way  of  the 
movement.  Richmond  and  Virginia  had  already  failed  to  give 
to  similar  undertakings  sufficient  support  to  ensure  perma- 
nency, and  every  one  recognized  that  there  was  need  for  more 
than  mere  verbal  encouragement,  if  the  magazine  was  to  last. 
Again,  while  the  fact  that  there  was  no  rival  in  the  field  to  con- 
test the  new  publication's  claims  to  popular  support  was  in 
some  respects  an  advantage,  the  circumstance  had  its  disadvan- 
tages also.  Of  these,  the  chief  was  that  there  was  no  reading 
public  accustomed  to  look  to  a  home  publication  for  periodical 
reading  matter;  for  owing  to  the  want  of  such  a  magazine,  as 
well  as  to  the  dominating  influence  of  the  old  country  litera- 
ture, the  literary  people  of  Virginia  had  long  been  regular 
subscribers  to  the  great  English  quarterlies.  The  difficulty  of 
overcoming  this  obstacle  was  well  appreciated  by  the  founder 


THE  SOUTHERN   LITERARY   MESSEJSGEB. 


95 


of  the  Messenger,  whose  editorials  were  frequently  pleas  for 
home  support  of  a  home  enterprise. 

The  man  who  undertook  to  meet  these  difficulties  ,  and,  prac- 
tically alone,  did  meet  and  overcome  them,  was  Thomas  W. 
White,  "a  practical  printer  of  Richmond."  Strangely  enough, 
Mr.  White  was  not  at  all  a  literary  man  in  the  ordinary  ac- 
ceptation of  the  term,  nor  even  a  college  graduate,  but,  on  the 
contrary,  a  self-taught  printer  and  practical  business  man, 
without  wealth  or  large  influence  to  aid  him  in  so  large  an  un- 
dertaking. He  was  born  in  the  year  1789,  and  consequently 
was  about  forty-five  years  of  age  when  he  founded  The  South- 
ern Literary  Messenger,  in  August,  1834.  The  fact  that  he 
was  then  a  mature  man  with  years  of  varied  experience  in  the 
printing  business  to  assure  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  prac- 
tical question  of  money  and  means,  was  a  circumstance  that 
argued  well  for  the  future  of  the  magazine,  for  this  matter  of 
finance  had  been  the  rock  on  which  many  similar  enterprises 
had  foundered  through  the  unbusiness-like  management  of  their 
literary  proprietors.  We  cannot  better  complete  this  "brief 
sketch  of  the  first  owner  of  the  Messenger  than  by  quoting  from 
an  article  (Messenger,  IX,  p.  65),  written  shortly  after  the 
death  of  Mr.  White,  in  1S43,  by  oiie  who  knew  him  well.  In 
regard  to  Mr.  White's  founding  the  Messenger,  he  writes : 

"With  scanty  funds — and  with  no  family  or  other  influence 
to  aid  him — on  the  contrary,  with  a  host  of  private  advisers  to 
discourage  the  effort,  he,  nevertheless,  with  the  countenance 
and  agency  of  one  or  two  chosen  friends,  resolved  on  the  ex- 
periment. 

"From  his  childhood  he  had  to  struggle  with  adversity  ;  and, 
like  Franklin,  with  no  other  but  a  self-taught  education,  he  was 
thrown  into  the  same  calling — that  of  a  printer's  apprentice — 
with  that  illustrious  sage.  With  no  pretention  to  literature,  as 
a  classical  or  critical  profession,  lie.  nevertheless,  possessed  a 
singular  tact  and  discernment  which  enabled  him  to  distinguish 
the   true  and  beautiful   from   what  was   false  or  deformed  in 


96  THE  SOUTHERN   LITERARY  MESSENGER. 

taste,  or  vicious  or  defective  in  morals.  With  a  strange  disin- 
clination to  write  for  his  own  popular  magazine,  he  curiously 
combined  a  happy  faculty  and  nervous  energy  in  epistolary  cor- 
respondence  If  he  was  at  times  irritable,   it  was 

more  the  imperfection  of  the  physical  than  the  moral  man. 
His  heart  was  kind,  his  friendship  ever  true,  and  faithful,  and 
his  hand  open  as  day  to  melting  charity." 

Such  is  the  faithful  description  of  the  man  who  more  than 
any  one  else  labored  to  lay  dec])  the  foundations  of  a  magazine 
that  he  believed  would  have  a  great  formative  power  in  the. 
growth  of  the  literature  of  the  South. 

It  was  well  for  the  Messenger  that  there  was  this  practical 
man  at  the  helm,  for  to  his  perseverance  and  energy  the  long 
life  and  usefulness  of  the  magazine  is  principally  due.  And 
it  is  to  be  borne  in  mind,  also,  that  to  him  this  was  not  merely  a 
business  enterprise  to  be  fostered  for  the  money  that  could  be 
made  by  it — for  if  that  had  been  all,  it  would  soon  have  been 
given  up  as  a  failure ;  but  his  perseverance  and  determination 
were  the  outcome  of  an  earnest  desire  to  promote  a  movement 
that  meant  much  to  the  new  literature  struggling  almost  for 
very  existence. 

While  the  principal  burden  of  the  practical  side  of  the  mag- 
azine was  borne  by  Mr.  White,  he  was  not  without  support  for 
the  literary  department  of  the  Messenger;  for  among  several 
literary  men  who  assisted  him  with  the  supervision  and  selec- 
tion of  material,  there  was  one,  who  more  than  all  others,  was 
responsible  for  the  editorial  department.  This  man  was  James 
E.  Heath,  who  was  really  the  editor  of  the  Messenger  from  its 
beginning,  in  Angus:,  1834,  until  May,  1835.  We  say  he  was 
really  the  editor,  because  it  might  be  supposed  that  the  pro- 
prietor, Thomas  W.  White,  was  also  the  editor,  as  this  was 
stated  on  the  first  page  of  each  issue  of  the  magazine;  but  Mr. 
White  had  the  greater  part  of  the  editorial  work  done  for  him 
by  various  men,  whose  names  were  not  published,  though  it  was 
frequently  stated  in  "publishers'  notices"  that  the  proprietor  and 


THE  SOUTHERN    LITERARY   MESSENGER.  97 

nominal  editor  was  assisted  by  certain  literary  men  of  estalv- 
lished  reputation  in  the  world  of  letters."  The  care  with  which 
the  names  of  the  sub  rosa  editors  were  concealed  renders  it  diffi- 
cult to  find  out  who  they  really  were;  but  there  is  very  con- 
clusive evidence  that  the  editor  from  the  first  number  (  August, 
1884)  to  May,  L835,  was  James  K.  Heath,  of  Richmond.  Vir- 
ginia, who  was  one  of  the  well-known  literary  men  of  that  city 
when  the  Messenger  was  begun.  This  evidence  consists  of  the 
fact  that  the  editorial  articles  of  this  period  hear  a  strong  re- 
semblance to  contributions  known  to  have  been  written  by  flames 
E.  Heath;  and,  furthermore,  we  have  from  the  editor  of  the 
same  magazine  eight  years  later  the  explicit  statement  that 
Heath  was  the  first  editor,  lie  was  for  a  long  time  Auditor  of 
the  State  of  Virginia,  but,  in  spite  of  his  official  duties,  he 
found  time  to  do  literary  work  of  various  kinds;  for,  in  addi- 
tion to  his  very  considerable  writing  for  The  Southern  Literary 
Messenger,  he  was  the  author  of  a  novel  entitled  "Edgehill," 
and  of  other  works  of  less  length. 

As  to  the  importance  of  his  editorial  supervision  of  the  Mes- 
senger, the  obligation  due  him  is  thus  expressed  in  a  "pub- 
lisher's notice/'  written  presumably  by  Mr.  White,  when  Heath 
resigned  his  place  as  editor,  in  May,  L835: 

"It  is  due  to  the  gentleman  who  has  acted  as  editor  up  to 
the  present  period  that  the  publisher  should,  in  parting  with 
him.  express  that  dee])  feeling  of  gratitude  which  his  disin- 
terested friendship  could  not  fail  to  inspire.  At  the  commence- 
ment of  the  Messenger,  when  the  prospect  of  its  success  was 
doubtful,  and  when  many  judicious  friends  augured  unfavor- 
ably of  the  enterprise,  the  late  editor  volunteered  his  aid  to  pilot 
the  frail  bark,  if  possible,  into  safe  anchorage — nor  did  he  desert 
it  until  all  doubt  of  success  had  ceased.  The  efforts  of  that 
gentleman  are  the  more  prized  because  they  were  made  at  a 
considerable  sacrifice  of  ease  and  leisure,  in  the  midst,  too, 
of  avocations  sufficiently  arduous  to  occupy  the  entire  attention 
of  most  men — and  because  they  were  rendpred  without  hope  or 


98  THE  SOUTHERN   LITERAKY   MESSENGER. 

expectation  of  reward.  And  the  publisher  embraces  this  occa- 
sion to  declare  that  the  success  of  the  Messenger  has  been  greatly 
owing  to  the  judicious  management  of  the  editorial  department 
by  that  gentleman.  For  services  of  so  much  value,  rendered 
with  no  other  object  than  a  desire  to  promote  the  establishment 
of  a  literary  periodical  in  Virginia,  the  publisher  is  deeply  in- 
debted to  him — and  the  readers  of  the  work  will,  we  doubt  not, 
long  remember  his  efforts  in  their  behalf.  To  him  belongs  the 
merit  of  having  given  his  disinterested  aid  in  the  season  of  its 
early  feebleness.  His  successor  has  but  to  follow  in  the  path 
which  has  thus  been  marked  out  by  a  hardy  and  skilful  literary 
pioneer." 

This  dilineation  of  James  E.  Heath  by  his  friend,  the  owner 
of  the  magazine,  is  sufficient  testimony  to  the  fact  that  the  Mes- 
senger had  in  him  an  able  guardian  of  its  literary  interests. 
With  the  many  difficulties  through  which  the  magazine  had  to 
pass,  these  two — the  one  a  practical  printer  and  business  man, 
the  other  a  distinctly  literary  man — were  well  fitted  t<>  cope; 
and  it  is  more  than  probable  that  if  there  had  not  been  this  com- 
bination of  business  ability  and  literary  knowledge,  with  the 
ownership  in  the  hands  of  the  man  of  affairs,  The  Southern 
Literary  Messenger  might  have  gone  the  way  of  many  other 
short-lived  periodicals,  whose  downfall  lias  been  due  to  a  lack  of 
business  ability  on  the  part  of  their  owners. 

Under  the  care  of  these  two  men  The  Southern  Literary  Mes- 
senger was  begun  in  Richmond,  Va.,  in  August  of  the  year 
1834.  The  office  of  the  magazine  was  in  what  was  known  as 
the  "old  Museum  building,"  which  was  on  East  Franklin  street, 
where  this  si  reel  meets  the  Capitol  Square  on  the  east.  Down- 
Stairs  wore  newspaper  offices,  and  (he  magazine  rooms  wore  on 
the  second  Hoof.  Later  the  Messenger  was  moved  to  the  loot 
of  Governor  street,  into  the  building  which  was  at  one  lime 
•■Davis's  Hotel." 

The  first    number  of  the  "Messenger"   August,    L834,   con 
tained    hut    thirty-two   pages,   as  did   also  the  second    number, 


THE  SOUTHERN  LITERARY  MESSENGER.  99 

which  was  not  issued  until  October.  These  two  were,  however, 
probably  regarded  as  but  one  number  by  the  publisher,  for  if 
these  be  numbered  separately  there  were  thirteen  issues  in  the 
first  volume.  With  the  third  number,  that  for  November,  the 
change  was  made  to  a  monthly  issue,  and  this  number  contained 
sixty-four  pages  instead  of  thirty-two.  Among  the  avowed  con- 
tributors were :  Mrs.  Sigourney,  R.  IT.  Wilde,  and  William 
Wirt. 

In  addition  to  this,  we  read  that  the  editor  desired  to  "issue 
the  Messenger,  if  possible,  between  the  20th  and  last  day  of  each 
month."  Beginning  with  this  number,  the  magazine  was  issued 
regularly  each  month,  finishing  the  year  1834  and  ending  with 
the  September  number,  which  completed  the  first  volume  of 
seven  hundred  and  eighty  pages. 

James  E.  Heath's  editorship  had  ceased  with  the  May  issue 
(  Vol.  I,  No.  i) ),  and  the  remaining  four  numbers  were  edited  by 
Mr.  White,  who  was  assisted  by  other  of  his  literary  friends. 
The  fact  that  in  the  March  number  there  appeared  the  first  con- 
tribution of  Edgar  Allan  Poe,  "Berenice,  A  Tale,"  and  that  from 
this  number  on  he  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  pages  of  the 
"Mesengerf  has  led  some  of  the  biographers  of  the  poet  into 
the  error  of  stating  that  he  was  editor  of  the  Messenger  from 
May,  1835.  on,  or  from  August  of  this  year.      The  fact  is  that 
Mr.  Poe's  editorship  did  not  begin  until  the  first  number  of  the 
second  volume — that  is,  December,  1835.      As  before  stated,  the 
first  volume  was  completed  with  the  September  issue,  and  no 
magazine  was  published  in  October  and  November;  thus  it  was 
that    December,   1835,   began    the    second    volume.      The  bio- 
graphers referred  to  above  have,  in  all  probability,  based  their 
opinion  as  to  Mr.  Poe's  editorship    upon  the  following  "pub- 
lisher's notice,"  which  appeared  on  the  first  page  of  Volume  I, 
Xo.  0  (May,  1835): 

''The  publisher  has  the  pleasure  of  announcing  to  hi^  friends 
and  patrons  thai  he  has  made  an  arrangement  with  a  gentleman 
of   approved   literary  taste   and    attainments,   t<>   whose   special 


100  THE  SOUTHERN  LITERARY  MESSENGER. 

management  the  editorial  department  of  the  "Messenger"  has 

been  confided.  This  arrangement  he  confidently  believes  will 
increase  the  attractions  of  his  pages — for,  besides  the  acknowl- 
edged capacity  of  the  gentleman  referred  to,  his  abstraction 
from  other  pursuits  will  enable  him  to  devote  his  exclusive  at- 
tention to  the  work." 

That  the  person  here  referred  to  was  an  unknown  friend  of 
the  proprietor,  or,  at  least,  certainly  not  Edgar  Allan  Poe,  is 
readily  seen  from  a  similar  notice  on  the  first  page  of  the  next 
volume  (II,  ]».  1)  of  the  Messenger.  The  passage  mentioned 
reads : 

"The  gentleman  referred  to  in  the  ninth  number  of  the  Mes- 
senger as  rilling  its  editorial  chair  retired  thence  with  the 
eleventh  number;  and  the  intellectual  department  of  the  paper 
is  now  under  the  conduct  of  the  proprietor,  assisted  by  a  gentle- 
man of  distinguished  literary  talents.  Thus  seconded,  he  is 
sanguine  in  the  hope  of  rendering  the  second  volume,  which  the 
present  number  commences,  at  least  as  deserving  of  support  as 
the  former." 

From  this  it  will  be  seen  that  the  editor  referred  to  in  the 
former  notice  was  only  in  office  for  three  issues  of  the  "Messen- 
ger" (May-July,  inclusive),  while  it  is  positively  known  that 
Poe  was  editor  of  the  magazine  for  more  than  a  year  after  the 
last  of  these  dates.  Not  only  so,  but  it  can  be  readily  shown 
on  the  testimony  of  the  proprietor  himself,  that  Poe  did  not  be- 
come editor  until  December,  1835.  For  first,  there  is  the  state- 
ment in  the  passage  quoted  that  the  magazine  had  but  just  been 
turned  over  to  a  new  editor;  and,  again,  on  the  96th  page  of  the 
third  volume  (January,  1837,  which  was  Poe's  last  number),  we 
find  in  an  address  "To  the  Patrons  of  The  Southern  Literary 
Messenger"  the  following  statement:  "In  issuing  the  present 
number  of  the  Messenger  (the  first  of  a  new  volume)  I  deem  it 
proper  to  inform  my  subscribers,  and  the  public  generally,  that 
Mi-.  Poe,  who  has  filled  the  editorial  department  for  the  lasl 
twelve  numbers  with  so  much  ability,  retired  from  that  station 


TILE  SOUTHERN   LITERARY  MESSENGER.  101 

on  the  3d  instant,  and  the  entire  management  of  the  work  again 
devolves  upon  myself  alone." 

Xow,  since  there  was  no  December  number  issued  in  L836, 
the  "twelve  numbers"  referred  to  in  the  last  quotation  as  the 
time  of  Poe's  editorship,  fix  the  beginning  of  his  term  of  office 
as  December,  1835.  And  moreover,  when  Mr.  White  says,  "the 
entire  management  of  the  work  again  devolves  on  myself  alone," 
this  serves  to  establish  conclusively  the  fact  that  the  last  two 
numbers  of  the  first  volume  were  edited  by  him  alone,  for  at  no 
other  time  previous  to  the  writing  of  this  "notice"  was  he  with- 
out an  editor. 

From  the  time  when  Edgar  Allan  Poe  began  to  contribute 
regularly  to  the  "Messenger"  the  foundation  was  laid  for  that 
popularity  which  it  attained  during  his  editorship.  Before  he 
took  official  charge  of  the  publication,  Poe  had  contributed:  a, 
"Bernice,  A  Tale";  b,  "Lionizing";  c,  "Morella" ;  d,  "Hans 
Pf  aal" ;  e,  "Bon-Bon";  f,  "The  Coliseum";  ami  other  pro- 
ducts of  his  genius.  It  is  not  surprising  that  after  such  an  in- 
troduction Poe's  regular  work  as  editor  of  the  magazine  soon 
materially  enlarged  the  circulation  of  the  Messenger  and  se- 
cured for  it  recognition  and  popularity  in  regions  where  it  was 
entirely  unknown  before  he  set  the  mark  of  his  genius  upon.  it. 
In  addition  to  the  attraction  which  Poe's  prose  skill  lent  to  the 
pages  of  the  "Messenger,"  there  was  the  additional  charm  of  his 
poems,  some  of  which,  however,  had  already  been  published  in 
other  magazines. 

Other  compositions  made  their  first  appeal  for  public  ap- 
preciation through  the  "Messenger/'  but  many  of  them  under- 
went revision  before  they  reached  the  form  in  which  we  now 
have  them. 

Another  characteristic  feature  of  Poe's  work  as  editor  of  the 
Southern  Literary  Messenger  was  the  vigor  and  force  of  his  re- 
views of  books  and  his  shorter  critical  articles  on  individual 
poems  or  tales.  Tt  was  eminently  in  accordance  with  the  strict- 
ness of  his  views  on  literature  and  artistic  composition  that  be 


102  THE  SOUTHERN  LITERARY  MESSENGER. 

should  be  relentless  in  his  denunciation  of  what  he  deemed 
violation  of  the  sacred  laws  of  art;  and  it  was  not  strange  that 
the  defence  of  his  pronounced  views  on  such  subjects  often  led 
him  into  "literary  dogmatism  or  into  violent  condemnation  of  the 
work  of  other  authors,  on  no  other  ground  than  that  they  failed 
to  conform  to  his  own  canons  of  what  was  tasteful  and  eleganty 
Such  criticism,  without  just  and  defensible  criteria  of  judgment, 
almost  inevitably  led  to  what  others  called  unfair  and  abusive 
depreciation  of  an  author's  work:  and  this  is  in  part  true,  and 
though  Poe  did  sometimes  lay  aside  proper  criticism  for  the  less 
scientific  but  more  vigorous  weapon  of  free-handed  abuse,  it  is 
also  undeniable  that  he  was  often  marvellously  acute  in  his 
method  of  laying  bare  the  shams  of  literary  quackery,  and  help- 
ful in  his  destruction  of  the  false  and  undeservino-. 

Under  Poo's  able  direction  the  "Messenger"  advanced  both  in 
prosperity  and  in  the  character  of  its  published  articles;  each 
month  a  number  was  published  with  a  regularity  that  had  not 
marked  the  first  volume.  Tin1  twelfth  number  of  the  second 
volume  (November,  1836)  completed  the  issue  for  that  year. 
No  December  number  was  published,  and  the  next  month  the 
third  volume  was  begun.  This  number,  January,  1837,  was  the 
last  one  for  which  Poe  wrote  as  editor,  but  not  all  of  the  edi- 
torial work  of  this  issue  was  from  his  pen.  This  is  explicitly 
stated  in  an  editorial  article,  which  says:  "It  is  perhaps  due  to 
Mr.  Poe  to  state  that  he  is  not  responsible  for  any  of  the  articles 
which  appeal-  in  the  present  number,  except  the  r?views  of 
Bryant's  Poems,  George  Balcombe,  Irving's  Astoria,  Reynold's 
Address  on  lit/'  South  Sen  Expedition,  Anthon's  Cicero — tin1 
first  number  of  Arthur  Gordon  Pym,  a  sea  story,  and  two  Poeti- 
cal Effusions  (sic),  to  which  bis  name  is  prefixed." 

It  is  undoubtedly  true,  as  Mr.  Stoddard  lias  said  in  his  "Me- 
moir,'  that  Poe's  manner  of  living  was  not  in  accord  with  some 
of  the  old-fashioned  ideas  of  Mr.  White,  and  when  Poe's  dissi- 
pation brought  him  into  conflict  with  the  founder's  views  on 
sobriety,  there  was  only  one  result  to  be  expected,  the  severance 


THE  SOUTHERN  LITERARY  MESSENGER. 


103 


of  Poe's  connection  with  the  Messenger.  Though  Mr.  White 
treated  the  matter  in  as  delicate  a  manner  as  possible,  and  did 
what  he  could  to  prevent  popular  knowledge  of  the  cause  of  the 
change — as  when  he  stated  in  the  January  number  ( ITT,  p.  72) 
that  "Mr.  Poe's  attention  had  been  called  in  another  direction" 
— nevertheless,  we  know  from  one  of  his  letters  to  Poe,  written 
when  the  quondam  editor  was  desirous  of  returning  to  his  desk. 
that,  it  wTas  his  former  associate's  intemperance  that  prompted 
Mr.  White  to  refuse  him  the  place. 

As  to  the  plans  of  the  proprietor  when  his  brilliant  editor 
"'had  been  called  in  another  direction,"  the  same  editorial  from 
which  we  quoted  above  continues  thus :  "I  have  only  to  add,  that 
in  prosecuting  my  publication,  whilst  I  shall  hope  and  ask 
nothing  for  myself  but  the  fair  reward  which  is  due  under  the 
blessing  of  divine  providence,  to  honest  industry  and  good  in- 
tention, I  shall  leave  my  contributors  and  subscribers  to  divide 
among  themselves  the  honor  of  making  and  supporting  a  work 
which  shall  be  worthy  of  them  and  creditable  to  the  literary 
character  of  our  common  country,  and  more  particularly  of  our 
Southern  States." 

When  Edgar  Allan  Poe's  connection  with  The  Southern  Lite- 
rary Messenger  ended,  in  January,  1S37,  the  whole  care  of  the 
magazine  fell  upon  the  proprietor  and  founder.  Several  of  his 
literary  friends  soon  came  to  his  aid  with  either  direct  editorial 
assistance  or  frequent  contributions.  Chief  among  these  timely 
helpers  were  Mr.  Lucien  Minor  and  Judge  St.  George  Tucker, 
who,  in  spite  of  the  claims  made  upon  their  time  by  their  pro- 
fessional duties,  found  opportunity  to  help  the  persevering 
owner  of  the  Messenger  in  his  resolute  effort  to  continue  the 
publication  of  the  magazine.  With  such  help  and  his  own  un- 
tiring efforts,  .Mr.  White  conducted  the  Messenger  for  the 
next  two  and  a  half  or  three  years;  and  it  is  a  noticeable  fact, 
and  a  natural  result  of  Thomas  W.  White's  business-like  habits, 
that  the  first  volume  published  by  him  after  the  loss  of  his  bril- 


104 


THE  SOUTHERN  LITERARY  MESSENGER. 


liant  editor  was  the  only  one  up  to  that  time  that  was  regularly 
issued  for  each  month  of  the  year. 

At  about  the  beginning  of  L840  new  life  was  infused  into  the 
Messenger,  when  its  editorial  supervision  was  entrusted  to 
.Matthew  Fontaine  Maury.  This  remarkable  man  was  a  native 
of  Virginia,  hut  when  he  was  very  young'  he  was  taken  by  his 
parents  to  Tennessee,  where  he  received  his  elementary  training 
under  Bishop  Otey.  In  1825  he  was  appointed  midshipman 
in  the  navy,  and  served  first  on  the  "Brandywine,"  during  a 
long  cruise  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  two  and  a  half  years 
in  the  Pacific  ocean,  and  then  on  the  sloop-of-war  "Vincennes." 
For  three  or  four  years  he  was  with  this  vessel,  in  which  he 
visited  the  South  Sea  Islands,  China,  Manila,  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  St.  Helena  and  other  remote  parts.  Maury  was  a  man 
of  energy  and  purpose,  and  he  turned  the  voyage  to  good  account 
by  collecting  material  for  numerous  works,  which  he  afterwards 
published.  In  1830,  he  returned  to  New  York,  and  was  pro- 
moted to  be  acting  master  of  the  sloop-of-war  Falmouth,  which 
was  hound  for  the  Pacific  ocean.  His  promotions  for  the  next 
six  years  raised  him  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant,  ami,  in  addition, 
he  was  shortly  afterwards  appointed  "astronomer  and  assistant 
hydrographer"  for  the  expedition  to  he  made  under  ( Jommodore 
Ap-Catesby  -lines.  This  appointment,  however.  Lieutenant 
Maury  resigned,  and  took  part  in  a  "survey  of  Southern  ports." 
In  the  meantime  he  had  published  in  Sillmans  Journal, 
January,  1839,  his  work  on  "Pacific  Navigation"  and  "Doubling 
Cape  Horn,"  and  in  The  Son/hem  Literary  Messenger  an  article 
on  "Southern  Commerce."  After  the  surveying  trip  along  the 
Southern  coast,  Maury  returned  to  Tennessee;  hut  he  was  shortly 
afterwards  seriously  injured  while  in  ( )hio,  ami  so  he  was  forced 
to  retire  from  active  service.  It  was  about  this  lime  that  he 
began  his  series  of  articles  for  the  Messenger,  entitled  "Scraps 
from  the  Lucky  Bag," 

We  have  outlined    Lieutenant   Maury's  life  up  to  this  point 
in  order  that    it    mav  he  understood  what  manner  of  man  now 


THE  SOUTHERN  LITERARY  MESSE.YGEK.  105 

took  charge  of  the  magazine;  for  it  is  essential  to  a  proper  ap- 
preciation of  the  Messenger  that  we  have  some  knowledge  of 
the  individuality  of  its  editors,  since  the  publication  is  always 
imbued  with  the  characteristic  spirit  of  its  literary  pilot. 

We  see,  then,  that  in  Lieutenant  Maury  there  were  good  quali- 
fications for  such  work,  for  he  was  not  only  thoroughly  ac- 
quainted with  the  intricacies  of  governmental  policy  in  regard 
to  the  navy  (  and  herein  was  involved  the  much-mooted  ques- 
tion of  government  expenditure),  but  his  resourceful  intellect 
had  been  employed  both  in  the  collection  of  material  for  literary 
work  and  the  acquirement  of  a  prose  style  admirable  for  its 
clearness  and  force.  Much  of  his  work  for  The  Southern  Liter- 
al-!/ Messenger  was  unsigned,  but  many  of  his  articles  may  bo 
identified  by  the  signature  "A  Brother  Officer"  and  "Harry 
Bluff." 

The  numbers  of  the  magazine  for  1840  and  1841  were  not 
regularly  issued,  for  five  times  within  those  two  years  bi-monthly 
numbers  were  published,  but  with  snch  increase  in  the  number 
of  pages  as  to  make  each  volume  of  about  the  regular  size.  The 
two  succeeding  volumes  were  regularly  issued. 

On  January  9,  1843,  Thomas  W.  White  died  from  the  effects 
of  a  stroke  of  paralysis  received  while  he  was  at  the  supper 
table  of  the  Astor  House,  in  Xew  York,  in  September,  1842. 
This  was  a  sudden  misfortune  to  the  Messenger,  which  thus 
lost  the  man  who,  most,  of  all,  had  been  the  guardian  of  its 
early  years.  In  the  mean  time  Maury's  editorship  ended.  He 
had  conducted  the  magazine  by  mail  from  Washington,  using 
in  the  transaction  of  this  business  "a  frank'1  obtained  for  him 
by  a  friend  in  the  Federal  Government  at  the  time.  Further 
evidence  of  his  editorship,  which  is  not  mentioned  in  the  bio- 
graphy* by  his  daughter,  is  the  existence  of  a  manuscript  con- 
tributed to  the  Messenger,  and  bearing  notes  in  Maury's  easily 
identified  writing. 

*  A  Life  of  Matthew  Fontaine  Maury,  by  Diana  F.  M.  Corbin.     London: 
Sampson  Low,  Marston,  Searle  &  Rivington.     1S86. 


106  THE  SOUTHERN  1  LTKRARY  MEirSEKGEIf. 

in  July,  1843,  the  proprietary  right  in  the  Messenger  passed 
from  the  estate  of  Mr.  White  into  the  hands  of  Mr.  B.  B.  Minor, 
the  next  editor. 

With  the  change  of  editors  came  a  change  <>f  publishers  also, 
for  the  cover  of  the  Messenger  for  August,  184-3,  hears  the 
statement  that  it  was  published  by  the  proprietor.  Beginning 
with  February,  1845,  the  publisher  was  William  McFarlane, 
until  January,  1846,  when  we  find  the  name  of  "S.  Hart,  Sr., 
Charleston,  S.  Carolina,"  in  addition  to  that  of  McFarlane. 
Tn  January,  IS  17,  to  these  names  are  added  those  of  "Wiley 
&  Putnam,  London,"  and  still  later,  March,  1847,  while  the 
other  names  were  retained  as  before,  the  Richmond  publishers 
were  given  as 

J  no.  W.  Fergusson,    ) 

ur  "r  Richmond,  \  a. 

\\  m.  Mc±  arlane,        ) 

Mr.  Minor  brought  to  his  work  an  admirable  equipment  for 
the  duties  that  lay  before  him.  Not  only  was  he  furnished  with 
a  collegiate  education,  and  determined  literary  aspirations,  but 
also — and  this  was  a  fortunate  bulwark  to  the  business  interests 
of  the  magazine — he  was  a  lawyer  of  sonic  experience  as  a  prac- 
titioner in  the  city  of  Richmond. 

Hence  it  was  that  the  Messenger  entered  upon  its  new  course 
with  every  prospect  of  a  successful  continuance  and  reinvig- 
orated  vitality.  Then,  too,  since  the  editor  had  the  co-operation 
of  a  number  of  able  friends,  such  as  Thomas  ( '.  Reynolds  and 
Augustus  A.  Meyers,  there  was  little  danger  of  a  dearth  of  good 
reading  matter  in  the  pages  of  the  magazine. 

As  stated  above,  Mr.  Minor's  editorship  began  with  the  Au- 
gust number,  in  1843.  This  volume,  Xo.  IX,  was  completed 
with  regular  issues  of  the  magazine,  as  were  also  the  next  four 
volumes. 

I. ate  in  1845,  Mr.  Minor,  while  in  Charleston,  South  Caro- 
lina, had  a  conference  with  William  Grilmore  Simms,  who  was 
then  editing  his  Simms'  Southern  <in<l  Western  Monthly  Maga- 
zine.    The  result  of  this  interview  was  the  purchase  of  Simms'-' 


THE  SOUTHERN   LITERARY   MESSENGER.  107 

magazine,  and  its  consolidation  with  the  Southern  Literary  Mes- 
senger, whose  title  was  changed,  January,  L846,  to  "The  South- 
ern a ikI   Western   Literary  Messenger  unit  Review." 

With  Volume  XIII,  No.  X  (October,  1S4-7),  the  editorship 
of  Mr.  B.  B.  Minor  ended,  when  he  sold  the  Messenger  to  John 
E.  Thompson  and  gave  ii]>  his  literary  work  to  become  "Prin- 
cipal of  the  Virginia  Female  institute,"  at  Staunton.  Speak- 
ing of  the  man  who  was  to  take  his  place  as  editor  of  the  Mes- 
senger, Mr.  Minor  wrote  (  Richmond,  October  25,  184-7)  :  "Well 
endowed  by  nature,  having  enjoyed  the  advantages  of  the  best 
collegiate  education,  fond  of  literature,  acquainted  with  its  best 
authors,  accustomed  to  the  use  of  his  pen,  and  quite  enthusiastic 
in  his  devotion  to  the  Messenger,  he  bids  fair  to  raise  it  above 
its  present  high  and  honorable  position,  and  we  hope  to  enjoy 
the  pleasure — for  it  would  be  a  pleasure — of  seeing  the  light 
which  Ave  have  endeavored  to  shed  from  its  pages  eclipsed  by 
his  more  brilliant  appearing." 

John  R.  Thompson  was  well  qualified  to  fill  the  place  of  re- 
sponsibility as  editor  of  the  great  Virginia  monthly.  Like  his 
predecessor,  he  was  a  college-bred  man,  a  graduate  of  the  Uni- 
versitv  of  Virginia,  and  the  possessor  of  gifts  which  soon  gave 
him  prominence  among  literary  men  of  the  South.  He  entered 
upon  his  editoi'ial  duties  with  zeal  and  confidence,  and  under 
his  supervision  the  Messenger  began  a  new  career  of  prosperity 
ami  popularity. 

When  Thompson  took  charge  of  the  Messenger,  in  the  fall  of 
1847,  the  title  of  the  magazine  was  "The  Southern  and  Western 
Literary  Messenger  unit  Review,"  and  the  title  was  retained 
until  the  first  number  of  the  fourteenth  volume  (January, 
1848),  when  the  old  name  of  the  Messenger  was  again  printed 
on  its  cover.  The  next  four  volumes  were  regularly  issued, 
with  the  two  exceptions  of  a  combined  issue  for  September  and 
October,  1849,  and  a  similar  number  for  October  and  Novem- 
ber, 1851.  Each  of  these  volumes  contained  seven  hundred  and 
sixty-four  pages,  which  was  about  the  average  size  of  the  yearly 


108  THE  SOUTHERN'    LITERARY  MESSTvNUER. 

issues  until  the  beginning'  of  the  "New  Scries,"  in  1856  (  Old 
Series,  Vol.  XXII). 

In  the  mean  time,  in  1852,  Thompson  sold  the  proprietary 
right  of  the  Messenger  to  his  printers,  McFarlane  ^r  Fergusson, 
but  he  continued  to  edit  the  magazine. 

The  next  three  volumes  completed  what  is  known  as  the  "Old 
Series"  of  the  Messenger,  in  contradistinction  to  the  "Xcw  Se- 
ries/' which  was  begun  in  1856.  Up  to  this  time  each  volume 
had  regularly  consisted  of  twelve  numbers  of  about  sixty-four 
pages  each,  but  now  the  volumes  were  completed  semi-annually, 
and  consisted  of  six  numbers  of  about  eighty  pages  each.  In 
addition  to  this  change,  the  size  of  the  page  and  of  the  type  was 
reduced,  and  consequently  the  volumes  of  the  "New  Series"  are 
smaller  books  than  those  issued  before. 

Two  years  before  this,  in  1854,  the  editor  had  stated  that  his 
subscription  list  was  growing,  and  by  the  beginning  of  the  "New 
Series"  the  Messenger  was  thriving  both  in  its  business  depart- 
ment and  in  widespread  popular  appreciation.  For  four  years 
and  a  half  longer,  John  K.  Thompson  edited  the  mazagine,  and 
during  that  time  published  nine  volumes  of  the  "New  Series," 
with  the  exception  of  the  last  number  of  the  first  volume  of 
1860,  that  in  the  June  issue,  which  was  edited  by  Thompson's 
successor.  In  publishing  these  last  issues,  from  181S  to  1860, 
Thompson  had  strong  helpers  in  the  gifted  men  and  women  who 
contributed  to  his  magazine.  For  1848,  his  chief  contributors 
were:  II.  T.  Tuckerman,  W.  F£.  Holcombe,  Mrs.  M.  G.  Buchan- 
an, Lieutenant  Maury  (who  wrote  in  favor  of  a  national  obser- 
vatory), P.  P.  Cooke,  A.  B.  Meek,  and  Mrs.  E.  .1.  Eames.  The 
next  year  the  chief  names  on  his  contributors'  list  were  :  Ik.  Mar- 
vel, Lieutenant  Maury,  Poe  ("Marginalia"),  P.  P.  Cooke,  and 
Tuckerman.  Conspicuous  among  the  signed  articles  for  1850 
were  those  by  W.  II.  rlolcombe,  Charles  Lanwan,  .1.  M.  Legare, 
and  Mrs.  E.  I.  Eames.  The  nexl  year,  in  addition  to  Maury, 
Tuckerman,  and   Mrs.   Eames,  the  Rev.  I.  C.   McCabe,  W.   P. 

Mnlehinock,  and  Charles  Campbell    (the  "C.  C."  of  the  earlier 


THE  SOUTHERN  LITERARY  MESSENGER.  109 

numbers)  were  frequent  contributors.  For  1852  and  1853, 
Thompson  had  most  of  these  writers  to  rely  on,  and,  in  addition 
to  them,  Paul  Hamilton  Hayne,  the  sweet  singer  of  South  Caro- 
lina. During-  eighteen  hundred  and  fifty-four  and  five  the  most 
frequent  contributors  were  Mrs.  Mowatt,  J.  C.  McCabe,  Hayne 
(especially),  and  two  others  whose  names  are  now  familiar  in 
Southern  literature — James  Barron  Hope  and  "Marion  Har- 
land." 

The  next  five  years  were  perhaps  the  high-water  mark  of 
Thompson's  editorship.  Even  without  discussion  of  the  articles 
included  in  these  volumes,  the  high  class  of  work  that  was  done 
for  them  is  apparent  from  the  list  of  those  who  were  employing 
this  last  quiet  period,  before  the  turmoil  of  war  came,  in  literary 
composition. 

The  chief  contributors  for  those  five  volumes  were: 
1856— J.  C.  .McCabe,  Thomas  Dunn  English,  W.  H.  Holcombe, 

Henry    Timrod,    Paul    Hamilton    Hayne,    and    Thomas 

Bailey  Aldrich. 
1857 — James  Barron  Hope,  John  Esten  Cooke,  John  Pendleton 

Kennedy,  and  St.  George  Tucker. 
1858— Dr.  George  Bagby  ("Mozis  Addums"),  J.  E.  Cooke,  B. 

M.  T.  Hunter,  Hayne,  English,  Timrod,  and  James  P. 

Holcombe. 
1859 — H.   T.   Tuckennan,    William   Gilmore   Simms,    English, 

Hayne.  J.  E.  Cooke,  and  Ed.  Everett. 
1860 — Dr.  Bagby,  J.  E.  Cooke,  Holcombe,  and  Faraday. 

Was  not  this  an  array  of  talented  writers  to  gladden  the  heart 
of  any  editor  '.  Surely  those  were  golden  numbers  of  the  Sou/h- 
ern Literary  Messenger,  when  its  pages  were  filled  with  the 
poems  of  Henry  Timrod  and  Paul  Hamilton  Hayne,  the  songs 
of  Aldrieh,  of  Simms,  and  of  English,  and  the  finished  prose 
of  John  Eston  Cooke,  Kennedy.  Aldrieh,  and  Dr.  Bagby. 

With  the  May  number,  I860  (Vol.  XXX),  John  R.  Thomp- 
son's connection  with  the  Messenger  ceased,  and  the  magazine 
came  under  the  able  supervision  of  Dr.  George  Bagby,  the 
"Mozis  Addums''  of  the  earlier  issues. 


110  THE  SOUTHERN    LITERARY   MKS.S'NGER. 

The  Southern  Literary  Messenger  for  June,  I860,  contained 
an  article  on  the  subject  of  Thompson's  departure  from  Virginia 
to  make  his  home  in  Georgia.  Speaking  of  the  former  editor's 
connection  with  the  Messenger,  the  author  of  the  editorial  wrote: 
"The  unknown  aspirant  for  literary  honors  in  1847,  leaves  the 
Messenger  in  1860  a  man  distinguished  in  every  part  of  the 
Confederacy,  in  the  North  scarcely  less  than  in  the  South,  as  a 
poet,  a  scholar,  a  lecturer,  an  editor."  This  was  high  praise, 
no  doubt,  but  it  was  true,  for  John  \l.  Thompson  had  made  his 
mark  in  the  literature  of  his  land  ;  but  he  has  never  yet  been 
appreciated  as  highly  as  he  deserves. 

The  same  number  from  which  we  have  quoted  contains  a  de- 
scription of  the  complimentary  dinner  to  John  R,  Thompson, 
Esq.,  Tuesday,  May  15,  1860.  The  author  of  the  article  was 
probably  Dr.  George  Bagby  (the  new  editor),  who  knew  very 
well  both  the  proper  disposition  and  the  proper  description  of 
a  farewell  banquet — notwithstanding  the  vigor  with  which  he 
could  maintain  the  superiority  of  "Cornfield  Peas"  over  every 
other  known  edible  substance.  lie  writes:  "The  company  as- 
sembled a  little  after  5  o'clock  P.  M..,  and  exchanged  saluta- 
tions over  a  bowl  of  delicious  punch.  Dinner  was  served  at  6 
o'clock.  Mr.  McFarlane  (of  the  publishers)  sat  at  the  head  of 
the  table,  with  Mt.  Thompson  on  his  right.  Among  the  invited 
guests  were  John  Esten  Cooke,  Esq.,  Dr.  II.  G.  Latham,  of 
Lynchburg,  and  Dr.  Bagby."  The  writer  describes  the  feast, 
Mr.  MeEarlane's  speech  of  regret  at  the  departure  of  Thomp- 
son, and  the  poet's  feeling  response.  Other  speeches  followed, 
wine  and  wit  sparkled,  songs  were  sung,  and  Thompson  recited 
his  beautiful  poem  to  "Virginia."  Such  were  the  closing  scenes 
of  the  uncrowned  laureate's  editorship. 

The  characteristic  quality  of  Thompson's  successor  was  what 
we  might  call  his  super-Gallic  vivacity.  The  bright  play  of  his 
wit  enlivened  many  a  page  that  had  once  been  dull  with  leaden 
pedanticism.  In  addition  to  this  charm  of  humorous  style. 
Dr.    Bagby   possessed   other   qualifications    for   the   editorship  of 


THE  SOUTHERN    I.ITKI,  A  K  Y   MESSENGER.  Ill 

the  magazine  that  had  been  accustomed  to  the  strong  hand  of 
such  men  as  Edgar  Allan  Poe  and  John  R.  Thompson.  Years 
of  experience  in  newspaper  and  journalistic  work  had  taught 
him  well  the  nice  points  in  a  publisher's  work,  and  hence  it  was 
as  an  experienced  journalist  that  he  took  charge  of  the  Mes- 
senger. The  work  soon  showed  the  quickening  effect  of  his 
more  skilful  regard  for  his  reading  public  than  had  been  the 
custom  of  the  earlier  editors.  Instead  of  long  articles  on  the 
tariff,  the  navy  and  army,  and  colonial  history,  the  Messenger 
was  now  enlivened  with  Dr.  Bagby's  sketches  of  "Mozis  Ad- 
dums's"  experiences  as  a  visitor  to  Washington.  These  stories 
were  based  upon  Dr.  Bagby's  life  in  Washington  as  correspon- 
dent of  the  Xew  Orleans  Crescent,  and  they  were  full  of  humor 
in  the  narrative  of  an  unsophisticated  patent-seeker's  adven- 
tures in  the  capital. 

In  addition  to  the  comparatively  new  feature  of  the  Messen- 
gers management,  four  of  the  six  numbers  in  Dr.  Bagby's  first 
volumes  contained  illustrated  articles:  (a)  "Life  and  Litera- 
ture in  Japan/'  seven  illustrations;  (b)  "Fun  from  North 
Carolina,"  three  illustrations;  (c)  Faraday's  "Popular  Lec- 
tures," ten  illustrations;  and  (d)  "A  Mississippi  Hero,"  three 
pictures,  with  a  picture  of  Adalina  Patti ;  and  (e)  "Lady 
Mary  Montague,"  one  illustration,  and  a  second  series  of  Fara- 
day's "Popular  Lectures,''  ten  illustrations.  The  next  vol- 
ume was  also  illustrated,  and  both  these  volumes  contained  the 
regular  six  numbers.  The  twelfth  volume,  Xew  Series,  was 
also  regularly  issued,  but  the  next  year's  Messenger  came  out 
very  irregularly.  The  numbers  for  February  and  March  were 
combined  in  one  issue,  as  were  also  July  and  August,  September 
and  October,  and  Xovembcr  and  December;  and  the  eight  num- 
bers published  made  up  Volumes  XXXIV,  XXXV,  and 
XXXVI,  with  a  total  of  only  698  pages.  This  combination  vol- 
ume is  not  of  the  "Xew  Series,"  which  ended  with  1861  (Xew 
Series  22),  and  the  next  year  the  editor  returned  to  the  old 
form  of  about  sixty-four  pages  to  a  number,  and  these  appeared 


11 2  THE  SOUTI1ERX  LITER  A  KY  MESSENGER. 

regularly,  except  that  Numbers  XI  and  XII  were  combined  in 
one  double  issue. 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  for  several  years  the  war  had 
been  going  on,  and  with  Richmond  in  the  centre  of  the  struggle, 
it  is  strange  that  the  Messenger  was  continued  at  all.  But  in 
spite  of  great  difficulty  in  procuring  paper  for  the  magazine 
and  printers  to  do  the  work,  the  publication  was  continued  at 
the  cost  of  great  effort  on  the  part  of  its  editor  and  publishers. 
As  we  have  just  said,  it  was  very  hard  to  get  material  or  work- 
men, especially  during  1862  and  18f>3,  and  consequently  the 
volumes  for  these  years  were  very  poorly  printed  on  very  poor 
paper.  Then,  in  addition  to  these  troubles,  the  editor,  though 
not  at  all  lit  for  service,  had,  as  he  believed  it  his  bounden  duty 
to  do,  gone  off  to  the  war.  Fortunately,  however,  for  the  Mes- 
senger, he  was  very  soon  released  from  service,  and  returned 
to  his  editorial  work,  which  he  prosecuted  until  the  second 
number  of  Volume  XXXVIII — that  is  to  say,  January,  1804, 
his  last  number.  At  that  time*  the  Messenger  was  bought  by 
Wedderburn&  Alfriend, and  these  continued  the  magazine  under 
the  editorship  of  the  latter,  Frank  11.  Alfriend.  Wedderburn 
was  a  young  man  of  energy  and  ambition  from  Xew  Orleans. 

From  his  editorials,  especially  his  salutatory  address  in  the 
February  number,  it  is  evident  that  Alfriend  was  an  earnest, 
clear-sighted  young  man,  who  wrote  a  good  style,  despised  cheap 
sentimentality,  and  appreciated  the  very  considerable  difficul- 
ties of  the  work  that  he  had  undertaken. 

The  new  office  of  the  "Literary  Messenger"  was  at  No.  5  Four- 
teenth street,  between  Main  and  Franklin  streets,  under  the  Ex- 
change   Hotel. 

Tt  was  thought  by  friends  of  the  Messenger  that,  in  spite  of 
many  difficulties,  there  was  still  to  be  prosperity  for  the  maga- 
zine. For  example,  when  the  magazine  changed  hands,  we  find 
the  following,  apparently  from  the  pen  of  the  retiring  editor, 
as  to  the  new  proprietors,  who,  he  says,  are  "young  gentlemen 
♦Exact  date  of  sale,  December  23,  1863. 


THE  SOUTHERN  LITEKAia    MESSENGER.  113 

brimful  of  energy  and  ambition,  with  abundant  means,  and, 
above  all,  imbued  with  correct  opinions  in  regard  to  the  proper 
mode  of  developing  a  literary  journal.  They  intend  to  make 
the  Messenger,  both  externally  and  internally,  far  more  inviting 
than  it  has  heretofore  been  ;  to  pay  for  contributions,  to  adver- 
tise liberally ;  to  secure  agencies  in  all  the  principal  cities  and 
towns  of  the  Confederacy ;  to  enlist  the  best  and  brightest  talent 
in  the  land ;  and  while  upholding  a  lofty  standard  of  literature, 
so  to  enliven  and  invigorate  the  old  magazine,  as  to  enlist  the 
favor  and  attract  the  admiration  of  all  clases  of  society,  except 
such  as  delight  in  productions  intrinsically  low  and  puerile. 
.  .  They  are  prepared  to  impart  to  the  business  manage- 
ment that  energy  and  system  without  which  no  enterprise  can 
or  ought  to  prosper,  and  to  give  to  the  editorial  department  that 
undivided  attention  which  a  first-class  magazine  imperatively 
demands." 

All  this  was  very  true  and  laudable,  no  doubt;  but  there  were 
great  events  taking  place  which  brought  to  naught  the  good  in- 
tentions and  plans  of  the  editors  and  their  friends.  As  an  ex- 
ample of  what  a  change  had  been  wrought  by  the  depreciation 
of  money  as  the  war  progressed,  in  1861  the  price  of  the  maga- 
zine was  "$3.00,  in  advance,"  but  by  the  beginning  of  1864 
the  price  had  increased  to  $10.00  for  twelve  months,  $6.00  for 
six  months,  if  before  March  1  st ;  after  that  date  the  price  was 
to  be  $12.00  for  twelve  months,  and  $8.00  for  six  months.  By 
March,  however,  money  was  still  further  depreciated,  and  so 
the  price  was  raised  to  $15.00  a  year.  When  it  is  considered 
that  in  the  same  number  from  which  these  last  prices  are  quoted, 
pills' were  advertised  at  $3.00  a  box,  it  is  readily  seen  that  busi- 
ness interests  were  in  a  bad  plight  in  the  city  of  Kichmond, 
which  was,  in  this  respect,  little,  if  at  all,  worse  than  other  parts 
of  the  South.  Then,  too,  paper  was  very  scarce,  and  good 
printers  scarcer  still ;  so  finally,  the  experiment  was  tried  of 
moving  the  Messenger  to  Washington  and  continuing  it  there; 
but  the  plan  was  not  successful,  and  after  publishing  four  nnm- 


114  THE  SOUTHERN  IUTKUAKY    MESSENGER. 

bers,  the  publication  ceased,  within  one  month  of  the  thirtieth 
anniversary  of  its  establishment,  in  1834. 

When  the  Avar  brought  the  Messenger  to  its  untimely  end, 
its  thirty  years  of  publication  had  enabled  it  to  do  a  great  deal 
to  stimulate  and  preserve  much  that  is  worth  keeping  in  South- 
ern literature.  Even  if  its  editors  did  carry  their  ecleticism 
too  far,  and  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  much  merely  space-filling 
matter  was  published,  these  were  not  sufficient  to  outweigh  or  to 
balance  the  very  considerable  amount  of  truly  valuable  litera- 
ture that  was  included  in  its  pages;  and  aside  from  the  value 
of  the  magazine  as  :i  literary  campus  Mar! ins,  which  was  a  suffi- 
cient reason  for  its  existence,  the  artistic  excellence  of  some  of 
its  contents  is  such  as  to  need  no  apology  to  those  who  have  read 
them,  and  to  those  who  have  not  read  them  and  yet  criticise  them 
(as  the  manner  of  some  is),  no  apoloijv  is  due.  Taken  all  in  all, 
the  South  produced  no  magazine  that  had  a  better  right,  to  live, 
few  that  reached  at  their  best  so  high  a  standard,  and  fewer  still 
that  did  so  much  for  the  general  welfare  of  Southern  literature. 


AN  INDEX  OF  KNOWN  CONTRIBUTORS  TO 

I.  DeBow's  Commercial  Review,  abbreviated  "D." 

II.  The  Southern  Literary  Messenger,  abbreviated  "M." 
The  volume  and  page  of  contributions  are  given. 

Abbey,  R.  (D.),  11,132;  III,  1;  V,  290. 

Ahert,  J.  J.   (D.),  XII,  402. 

Adam,  W   (D.),  IX,  1,  129,  276. 

Adams,  John  Quincy  (M.),  VII,  705. 

Affleck,  Thomas  (D. ),  V,  82,  175;  XX,  214. 

Aime,  Valcour  (D.),  IV,  383;  V,  249. 

Ainslie,  Gilbert  (M.),  XIV,  688. 

Aldrich,  James  (M.),  VIII,  234. 

Aldrich,  Thomas  Bailey  (M.),  XXIII,  45.  305. 

Alexander,  Archibald  (M.),  XVI,  366. 

Alexander,  H.  C.  (M.),  XXXIII,  418;  XXXV,  151,  484. 

Alexander,  P.  W.  (M.),  XXXV,  34. 

Alfredo,  Don   (M.),  XXII,  750. 

Alfriend,  F.  H.  (M. ).  XXXV,  283;  XXXVI,  118.  182,  246.  310,  374. 

Allen,  R.  L.   (D.),  Ill,  412. 

Allston, (Governor)   (D.),  XXIV,  321. 

Allston,  R.  W.  F.  (D.),  I,  320;  XVI,  589. 

Allston,  Washington  (M.),  VIII,  528. 

Anderson,  R.  N.   (M.),  XXXII,  319. 

Andrews,  W.  H.  (M.),  VII,  72,  772,  830;  VIII,  139,  186,  266,  317.  535, 
665,  735.  757;  IX,  86,  579;  X,  81,  169,  206.  496. 

Annan,  Mrs.  A.  M.  F.  (Miss  Buchanan)  (M.),  VI,  450,  640;  VII,  803;  IX, 
108,  529,  593;  X,  103. 

Archer.  B.  T.   (D.),  XIV,  125;  XIX,  22. 

Arnell,  David  R.  (M.),  XII,  216,  672;  XV,  408. 

Atkinson,  Edward   ( D. ) ,  Revived  Series.  IV,  46.  175.  300. 

Auld,  J.  B.  (D.),  XV,  385. 

Avequin, (D.),  VI,  24. 

Bachman,  John  (D.),  XXV,  430. 

Bagby,  Dr.  George  ("Moziz  Addums")  (M.),  XXVI,  121,  187,  251.  383; 
XXVII,  55,  200,  367,  422;  XXVIII,  397;  XXX,  55,  99.  182,  273.  353, 
466;  XXXI,  70,  151,  231,  315,  390;  XXXII,  71,  152,  189,  317.  340,  351. 
445,  601;  XXXIII.  72,  153,  237,  315.  395,  465;  XXXIV,  65,  192,  262, 
327,  396,  501,  364,  581,  687;  XXXV,  55,  63,  116,  120,  180,  191,  251,  256, 
313,  320,  373,  S84.  447,  510,  572,  633,  745;  XXXVI,  61. 


116 


INDEX. 


Bailey,  R.  W.  (M.),  IX,  234;  X,  679;  XIV,  592;  XXIII,  26,  109. 

Baird, Dr.   (D.), ,  171,  668. 

Baker,  Woods  (D.),  VII,  111. 

Baldwin,  J.  G.  (M.),  XXII,  371. 

Balistier,  J.  (D.),  XIX,  98. 

Bandegee,  Mrs.  Florence  (M.),  XXII,  123,  152. 

Barbour,  B.  J.  (M.),  XX,  513. 

Barhuyt,  D.  P.  (M.),  XVII,  452,  573. 

Barker,  F.  C.  (D.),  XVI,  568. 

Barnard,  J.  G.  (M.),  XI,  25;    (D.),  VIII,  444;   IX,  90,  177. 

Barnes,  Miss  Charlotte  (M.),  IV,  169;  VI,  21;  VII,  817. 

Barney,  W.  C.  (D.),  XXII,  410;  XXIII,  415. 

Barnwell,  R.  G.    (D.),  XX,  256;    (Revived  Series)    I,  395,  515;    II,  113, 

236;  IV,  1. 
Barstow,  G.  F.  (M.),  VII,  586;  VIII,  404. 
Barton,  E.  D.   (D.),  XX,  715. 
Battle,  A.  (D.),  XXVII,  196. 
Bayley,  G.  W.  R.  (D.),  X,  103;  XIII,  166. 
Beard,  Alex.  L.  (M.),  I,  699,  260. 
Beaufair,  Adrain    (John  R.  Thompson)    (M.),  XXII,  364;   XXIV,  149; 

XXV,  464;  XXVII,  19,  191. 
Beck,  Lewis  C.  (D.),  VII,  151. 

Bell,  E.  Q.   (Revived  Series),  III,  384;  IV,  69,  447. 
Bell,  J.  H.   (D.),  XXIV7,  114. 

Benjamin,  J.  P.  (D.),  I,  498;  II,  322;  V,  41;  XXI,  209. 
Benjamin,  Parke   (M.),  V,  221,  268,  28o.  292,  305,  309,  330,  356,  366,  379, 

393,  407,  433,  513,  529,  622,  663  671,  702,  781;  VI,  135,  473;   VIII,  80; 

IX,  242;  XIV,  732. 
Bird,  Dr.  Ro.  M.  (M.),  II,  541. 
Black,  J.  H.   (D.)    (Revived  Series),  III,  522. 
Blackwood,  W.  G.  (M.),  X,  296;  XI,  266,  759;  XII,  360;  XIV,  454. 
Bland,  Thos.   (D.),  XX,  156. 

Bledsoe, Prof.  (M.),  XXII,  382;  XXIII,  20. 

Blunt,  Ellen  Key   (M.),  XXXIV,  573. 

Bohun,  Chas.  (D.)   (Revived  Series),  II,  455. 

Books,  M  (M.),  XXXIV,  313. 

Borland,  Solon  (M.),  IX.  238. 

Boulware,  Wm.  (M.),  XII,  161. 

Bourne,  Wm.  O.  (M.),  X,  22,  201,  583. 

Bowen,  W.  (Dr.)    (M.),  XII,  209. 

Bowie,  W.  W.  (D.),  XI,  344. 

Boyce,  W.  W.  (D.),  XXV,  1;  Revived  Series,  I,  16,  132;  IV,  10. 

Boyden,  E.  (M.),  XXXI,  365. 

Bradford,  S.  S.  (M),  XIII,  359,  597;  XIV.  31 S,  356,  451. 

Bradford,  Wm.  A.   (D.),  XX,  540;  XXI,  1. 

Bradley,  T.  Bibb   (M.),  XVIII,  152;   XIX,  21,  280,  429. 


INDEX.  117 

Brenan,  Jos.  (M.),  XXXII,  100. 

Brent,  H.  J.  (M.),  Ill,  314,  397,  438,  582;  IV,  8,  44. 

Bretton,  A.  (D.),  Revived  Series,  I,  595. 

Brooks,  Erastus  (M.),  VII,  553;  VIII,  81. 

Brooks,  N.  C.  (M.),  Ill,  25;  X,  25. 

Brown,  Mrs.  D.  P.  (MJ,  I,  13,  14. 

Brown,  J.  H.  (D.),  XIV,  46,  336. 

Brown,  J.  N.  (M.),  XV,  516. 

Brown,  R.  T.  (M.),  XIII,  638. 

Browne,  D.  J.  (D.),  XX,  627. 

Browne,  J.  R.   (M.),  VII,  60;   VIII,  261. 

Browne,  P.  A.  (M.),  I,  44,  91,  162,  300. 

Brownell,  S.  E.  (M.),  XV,  109. 

Bruce,  Jas.  C.  (M.),  XIX,  292. 

Bry,  H.  (D.),  Ill,  225,  324,  407;  IV,  226;  V,  69,  229. 

Bryant,  Wm.  Cullen  (M.),  V,  365. 

Buchanan,  Miss  A.  M.  F.  (See  Annan). 

Buchanan,  Mrs.  M.  G.   (M.),  X,  228,  583,  734;  XII,  111;   XIII.  472;   XIV, 

318,  356,  451;  XXIX,  333. 
Buckley,  S.  B.  (D.),  Revived  Series,  IV,  320. 
Bullard,  H  (D.),  Ill,  20. 
Bulwer,  Ed.  Lytton  (M.),  II.  605-. 
Burden,  K.  (D.),  XIX,  602. 
Burke,  Ed.  (D.),  XXV,  316. 
Burritt,  Elihu  (M.),  VI,  202;  VII,  577. 
Burrows,  J.  L.   (M.),  XXI,  514. 
Burwell,  W.  B.  (D.),  Revived  Series,  I,  238. 
Burwell,   Wm.   M.    (D.).  XII,   30;    221;    XIV,    i;    XVII,    173;    XXI,   4G1  : 

XXIV,  291;  XXVI,  1;  Revived  Series,  V.  576;    (M).  XXXIII,  1,  127. 

185,    250,    389,    459;    XXXIV,   53,   163,    230,    303,   353,    426,    532.    617; 

XXXV,  229. 
Butler,  B.  F.  (M.),  VIII,  169. 

Butler,  Mann  (D.),  IX.  142,  357;  XIX,  263.  308.  371;   XXI,  197. 
Butler,  Wm.  A.  (M.),  XXIX,  309. 

Cabell,  (D.),  XII,  30. 

Cabell,  E.  C.  (D.),  Revived  Series,  I,  91. 

Cabell,  N.  F.  (D.),  XXIII,  442;  XXIV,  280,  411,  542;  XXV,  81,  205. 

Caldwell,  Chas.  (M.),  VII,  731. 

Calhoun,  Jno.  C.  (M.),  XII,  457. 

Calvert,  Geo.  H.  (M.),  II,  373. 

Campbell,  C.  C.   (M.),  V,  526,  539,  572,  602,  770;   VI,  223,  385,  710;   VII, 

219,  335,  575,  584;  IX,  560,  591,  693,  728;  X,  40;  XI,  48.  114;  XII,  339, 

473,  533,  605;   XIII,  129,  193,   257,  321.  385.  449.  513,  577.  649,  705; 

XIV,  329;  XV,  389;  XVII,  350,  492. 
Campbell,  Thos.   (M.),  XIV,  451. 
Canning.  E.  W.  B.   (Iff.),  VII,  844. 


118  INDEX. 

Capers,  F.  W.  (D.),  VII,  317. 

Cardoza,  J.  M.   (D.),  XXI,  153;   XXII,  337;  XXIV,  396. 

Carey,  Matthew  (M.),  II,  486,  503,  557;   III,  11. 

Carey,  W.  A.   (D. ),  Revived  Series,  I,  581. 

Carleton.  Wm.  (M. ),  VII,  487. 

Carrigan,  Judge   (D.),  XI,  252,  617;   XII,  22. 

Cartwright,  S.  A.   (D.).  XI,  184,  209,  331,  504;  XIII,  598;  XIV  197;  XXV, 

45,  448;   XXVI.  408,  524;   XXVII,  263;   XXIX,  129,  513;   XXX,  May 

and  June  ("The  Serpent,  The  Ape,  and  the  Negro");  XXXI,  507. 
Cass,  Lewis  (M.),  V,  709;  VII,  81. 
Chadbourne,  J.  S.  (M.),  XI,  369,  733. 
Chopin,  E.  H.  (M.).  V,  615,  725,  8'38;  VI,  2. 

Chase, Maj.  (D.),  XIV,  54. 

Chickering,  Jesse  (D.),  XV,  129. 

Chilton,  J.  M.  (D.),  XI,  178,  245,  569. 

Chivres,  T.  H.  (M.),  X,  104. 

Christy,  D.    (D.),  XXV,  343;   Revived  Series.   II,  509;    IV,  404. 

Cist,  Chas.  (D.),  XXIX,  510. 

Cist.  Lewis  J.  (M.),  VI,  233,  284.  416,  530,  569,  680,  702;  VII,  49,  181,  230, 

730,  806;  VIII,  100,  305,  601;  IX,  79;  X,  349.  437,  719;  XI,'  741;  XXL 

144,  638,  761. 
Claiborne.  Jno.  (D. ),  XXV,  65. 
Clarkson,  A.  (D.),  XXVII,  561;  XXXIII,  7. 
Clayton,  Alex.   (D.),  VIII,  22. 

Clement,  J.  (M.),  XI,  734;  XVI,  369.  719;  XVIII,  565. 
Clements,  H.  H.   (M.),  XIV,  88.  337.  655;   XVIII.  277,  357:  XIX.  105.  338. 

369. 
demons,  E.  C.  (M.),  VIII,  326. 
Clemson.  T.  G.  (D.),  VIII.  111. 

Clingman,  Thos.  (D.),  XX,  267;  XXII,  414;  XXV,  664. 
Cooke,  P.  St.  Geo.  (D.),  XXII,  495. 
Cocke,  W.  A.   (M.),  XXI.  23;  XXXII.  380;    (D.),  Revived  Series,  II.  285; 

III,  278,  365. 
Cockrill,  S.  R.  (D.),  VII,  484. 
Coffin,  Sir  Isaac  (M.),  VII,  33. 
Collier,  R.  R.   (D),  XXVIII,  28. 
Cone,  Spencer  W.  (M.),  VII.  451;  VIII,  149. 
Conkling,  M.  D.  (M.),  XVIII,  681. 
Conkling,  F.  A.  (D.),  Revived  Series,  I,  378. 
Cook,  G.   (D.),  I,  269. 
Cooke,  Jno.   E.    (M.),   XXIV,   257;    XXVI.   340.   388,   457;    XXVIII.   336; 

XXX,  120,  321. 
Cooke,  P.   P.    (M.),  II.   557;    IX,   729,   74  1;    XII,  265.   337.  427;   XIII,   147, 

610;  XIV,  34,  307,  349.  436.  537,  612;  XV,  46,  101,  148. 
Cooley,  T.  M.  (D.),  XV,  400. 
Cooper,  W.  B.  (D.),  IV,  358,  486. 


INDEX.  119 

Copland,  Mary  (M.),  XXXI,  336. 

Copley,  Jonah  (D. ),  Revived  Series,  IV,  520. 

Cormick,  J.  R.  (D.),  V,  231. 

Cornwall,  Barry  (M.),  XXXV,  365. 

Cousin,  M.  Victor  (M.),  XXXIV,  445. 

Cowler,  Catharine  (M.),  VIII.  198. 

Coxe,  R.  S.  (D).  XXV,  512. 

Cram, Capt.  (D. ),  XXII,  365. 

Crane,  A  Judson  (M.),  IX,  562:  X,  571;  XIV,  293. 

Crane,  Jas.  (M. ),  VIII,  164. 

Crane,  W.  C.  (M),  X,  357. 

Creswell,  Julia  P.  (M.),  XXX,  138. 

Crocheran,  J.  L.  (D).  XXV,  38. 

dishing,  Benj.  T.   (i\I.),  XII.  231,  595. 

Cutler,  R.   (D. ),  XXVII,  613. 

Dabney,  G.  E.  (M.),  631. 

Dabney,  Richard  (M.),  IX,  331. 

Daley.  H.  M.  (M),  VIII,  624;  IX,  255. 

Dana,  Mary  S.   (M.).  XI,  23,  230;  XII,  18,  604. 

Dana.  Matilda  F.,  XI,  536;  XIII,  646;  XIV.  710;  XV.  216,  366,  426,  501, 
650;  XVI,  116. 

Danforth.  J.  N.   (M.),  X.  109;  XIII,  502. 

Daniel,  Jno.  W.  (D. ).  Revived  Series,  II,  582;   III,  24,  506. 

Danus,  Sam'l  B.  (M.),  XXXV,  44,  620. 

Darby,  J.  (D.),  XVI,  354. 

Darby,  Wm.  (D.).  V,  191. 

Davidson,  J.  W.  (M.).  XXIII,  249. 

Davidson.  L.  P.  (M.l,  IX,  85. 

Davidson,  Margaret  (M.),  V,  419;  VIII,  59. 

Davis.  N.  R.   (D.),  XVIII.  154. 

Davis,  S.  D.  (M.).  XXXVI,  152,  333. 

Davis,  W.  R.  (M.),  I,  207. 

Dawson.  I.  T.   (D.).  XXII,  265. 

DeBoinville, (M.),  I,  93. 

DeBowe.  J.  D.  B.  (D.),  I.  1,  7,  21.  33,  44,  51,  56,  61,  64.  69,  97.  132.  141, 
145,  158,  161,  193,  289,  380,  465;  II,  1.  75,  283,  348,  367;  III,  66.  112, 
115,  129,  134.  138.  235,  325,  423.  485,  496,  543,  557,  559.  575,  590;  IV, 
31,  122.  147,  152,  159,  208,  237,  290.  296,  337,  419,  459,  475.  493;  V,  100, 
163.  243,  272,  293.  455;  VI,  3.  33,  110,  204,  235.  236,  377.  458;  VII,  101, 
189,  191.  225,  274.  278,  279,  297.  377.  467,  569:  VIII,  32.  207,  217,  522, 
538;  IX.  9,  50,  66,  164,  257,  294.  370.  382;  X.  81.  106.  112.  151.  228, 
282.  352.  476.  695;  XI.  105,  327.  445.  543;  XII,  109,  169,  213,  236, 
334,  456,  492,  554.  576,  694;  XIII.  98,  204,  318.  383,  419.  529,  637;  XIV, 
86,  189,  300,  415,  519.  525,  628;  XV,  107.  196.  213.  237,  254.  310.  322, 
«  359,  425,  430,  520,  531;  XVI,  78,  101,  103,  205,  212,  331.  443,  444.  524, 
653;   XVII,  95,  107.  110,  111,  217,  543,  644;   XVIII,  29.  175,  176,  316, 


120  INDEX. 

463.  589,  590,  591;  XIX,  L18,  122,  301,  370,  389,  507,  637;  XX,  1,  29, 
190,  290,  365,  447,  642,  644;  XXI,  100,  170,  219,  271,  323,  329,  440,  554; 
XXII,  13,  112,  332,  445,  505,  543.  549,  645,  662;  XXIII,  /0,  87,  114, 
172,  225,  239,  429,  506,  561,  640,  644,  652;  XXIV,  1,  32,  68,  165,  177, 
217;  XXV,  118,  128,  185,  245,  247,  250,  371,  372,  378,  487,  490,  607, 
729;   XXVI,  119,  173,  235,  286,  349,  429,  434,  481,  607,  664,  702,  713; 

XXVII,  94,  112,  205,  240,  322,  360,  366,  4b3,  468,  490,  572,   609,   736; 

XXVIII,  119,  125,  238,  358,  423,  488,  582,  .  xO,  739;  XXIX,  86,  122,  197, 
223,  248,  320,  357,  382,  534,  671,  792,  795;  XXX,  1,  100,  154,  206.  313, 
324,  427,  436,  464,  558;  R.  S.,  I,  3,  6,  36,  50,  113,  105,  217,  331,  412,  443, 
555,  630,  646,  663;  II,  57,  181,  189,  225,  291,  322,  337.  430,  449,  537, 
570,  609;  III,  1,  138,  172,  225;  IV,  286,  434,  530. 

DeBowe,  S.  H.  (D.),  XXIV,  431. 

Deems,  C.  M.  F.  (M.),  IV,  659,  696;  V,  12,  152. 

DeFord,  Chas.  (D.),  XVI,  477;  XXII,  372. 

Delavigne,  J.  C.  (D.),  V,  135;  Revived  Series.  IV,  562. 

Delmar,  A.  (D.),  I.  68,  146. 

Deloney,  B.  (D.),  XXV,  491. 

Deming,  D.  D.  (D.),  XXII,  540;  XXIV,  239. 

Dennis,  W.  C.  (D.),  XXIII,  133. 

Dennison,  H.  M.  (D.),  XXVI,  149,  257;  XXVII,  444;  XXVIII,  66. 

Deranco,  C.   (D.),  II.  605. 

Dew.  Prof.  Thomas  R.  (M.),  I,  493,  621;  II,  261,  760;  III,  401;  XVI,  193; 

(D.),  X,  658;  XI,  23;  XX,  175. 
Dixon,  S.  H.  (D.).  XX.  87;    (M.),  XII,  105;  XXI,  184. 
Dinkins,  Mrs.  S.  A.  (M.).  XXXIII,  140,  449;  XXXV,  267. 
Dillard,  A.  W.   (M.),  XXXIV,  290. 
Dinnies,  Anna  P.  (M.),  XI,  243;  XVI.  440,  465. 
Dodson,  A.  (D.),  XXVII,  74. 
Dogget,  J.  (M.),  II,  4u5. 
Donnelly,  J.  (D.),XXI,  71. 
Doring.  F.  (D.).  XXII,  1. 
Dow,  J.  E.  (M.),  V,  13,  16,  43. 
Dowler,  Dr.  B.  (D.).  XIX,  171;  XXI,  405;  XXV,  679. 

Drake, Dr.   (M.),  I,  177. 

Draper,  J.  W.  (M),  III,  693. 

Draper,  Miss (M.),  II,  147;   III,  239,  300,  386,  497. 

Dubois,  L.  (DJ,  Revived  Series,  II,  605. 

Dudley,  J.  G.  (D.),  XV,  352;  XVI,  1. 

Duffield,  .Tno.  M.   (M.).  VII,  244. 

Duke,  J.  S.  (D.),  II,  248,  303;  III,  149;  V,  152,  257. 

Duncan,  W.  C.  (D.),  XI,  30,  263,  285,  445,  519;  XII,  236. 

Dutcher,  Salem  (D.),  Revived  Series,  II,  132. 

Dyer,  Rev.  Sidney  (M).  XIV,  183,  254,  386,  409,  715;  XV,  31,  76.  482,  693; 

XVI,  369,  512;  XVII,  241;  XVIII,  85.  375,  521. 
Fames,  Mrs.  F.  .1.   (M.),  VI.  468,  491.  546,  820;  VII.  29.  113.  155.  298.  385, 


INDEX.  121 

397,  573,  584,  733,  850,  853;  VIII,  193,  207,  255,  555,  716;   IX,  204,  246, 
442,  559;  X,  165,  630,  678;  XI,  148,  305;  XII,  104,  174,  480,  496,'  544^ 
698;  XIII,  24,  95,  343;  XIV,  38,  45,  167;  XV,  89,  611;   XVI,  221,  280, 
685;  XVII,  78,  94,  142,  505,  564,  637;  XIX,  292,  472;  XXI,  126. 
Edmondson,  W.  J.  (M.),  VII,  123. 
Eells,  Sam'l  (M.),  VIII,  209. 
Ellen,  Henry  (M.),  XX,  315;  XXI,  181,  203,  266,  487,  592,  694,  745;  XXII, 

104;  XXIII,  19. 
Ellet,  Mrs.  E.  G.   (M.),  II,  549,  702,  733,  773;   III,  31,  135,  203;  VIII,  481; 
XVIII.  85. 

Ellett, (D.),  XXI,  361. 

Elliott,  Geo.  (D.),  XX,  709;  XXVII,  164. 

Elliott,  R.  S.   (D.),  XXI,  78. 

Elliott,  Wm.  S.  (D.),  XX,  571;  XXIV,  193. 

Ellis,  S.  P.  (M.),  XXVIII,  332. 

Ely.  A.  W.   (D.),  II,  228;   IX,  44;   XII,  225,  337,  370;   XIV,  93.  339;   XV, 

14,  143,  243,  496;  XVII,  25,  219,  350,  435;  XVIII,  241. 
Emerson,  C.  N.  (D.),  VII,  338. 
Emmons,  E.  (D.),  XXIV,  409. 

English,  Thos.  Dunn,    (M.),  X,  88;   XXII,  81;   XXIH,  411;    XXIV.  178; 
XXV,  21;  XXVII,  321;  XXVIII,  195;  XXXIX,  410; XXX,  351;  XXXI, 
321. 
Eustis,  Geo.   (D.),  I,  534;   III,  56,  160. 

Evans, Dr.  (D.),  VI,  114,  163,  265,  375,  381. 

Everest,  C.  W.    (M.),  IV,  496;   V,  102,  693;    VI,  85,  828;    VII,  785;   VIII, 

557:  XIII,  172;  XVII,  479. 
Everest,  Robt.  (D.),  XIX,  268. 

Everett,  Ed.  (M.),  XV,  755;  XXVII,  150,  228;  XXVIII,  396;  XXIX.  315. 
Everett,  J.  R.  (D.),  XXVIII,  460. 
Ewell,  J.  L.  (D.),  Revived  Series,  I,  641. 
Eyma,  L.  (D.),  IV,  106. 
Fairbanks,  E.  R.    (D.),  V,  9;  XIV,  122. 

Fairbanks,  G.  R.  (D.),  VII,  44;  VIII,  30;  XXIV,  245,  274,  376. 
Fairchild,  Wm.  B.   (M.),  V,  614;  VI,  731,  770;  VII,  770. 
Falconer,  Wm.  (M.),  VI,  803. 
Fanner,  C.  M.    (M.),  VII,  801. 

Faraday,  M.   (M.),  XXXI,  328,  430;   XXXII,  13,  140,  266,  370. 
Farrar,  C.  G.  S.  (D.),  V,  58,  127,  211,  346,  445. 
Faye,  Ida  (M.),  XIV,  611. 
Featherman,  Americus  (D),  XXIX,  583,  673. 
Felton,  Prof.  C.  C.  (M.),  IV,  373;  XV,  170. 
Fenner,  F.  D.   (D.),  XVII,  39;   XXII,  299. 
Ferguson,  R.  F.,  IX,  263,  356. 

Fielding,  Fanny  (M.),  XVII,  169,  662;  XXVIII,  140,  278;  XXIX,  184, 
380;  XXX,  119,  307;  XXXI,  116,  132,  444;  XXXII,  274;  XXXIV, 
353. 


122  INDEX. 

Fields,  J.  F.    (M.),  VI,  393. 

Fishburne,  Prof.  J.  M.   (M.),  XXV.  241. 

Fisher,  Bllwood   (D. ),  VII.  J  37,  262,  304;   XXII,  623;   XXIII.  ±94,  272. 

Fisher,  E.  Burke   (M.),  II,  495. 

Fisher,  J.  K.   (M.),  VI,  842. 

Fitzhugh.  George  (D.),  XX,  692;  XXI,  90;  XXII,  419,  449,  571,  633; 
XXIII,  20,  163,  388,  449.  587;  XXI V,  49,  269,  428,  502;  XXV,  414, 
507,  545,  613,  656;  XXVI,  121,  144,  267,  370,  487,  611,  «57;  XXVII, 
29,  76,  159,  172.  279,  382,  515,  647,  660;  XXVIII,  1,  80,  132.  294,  392, 
410,  504,  523,  624,  667:  XXIX,  62,  86,  151,  175,  257,  280,  293,  430, 
561,  598,  695;  XXXI,  131;  Revived  Series,  I,  75,  178,  250,  366,  416, 
472,  577;  II,  49,  145,  172,  256,  288,  346,  399,  466,  561;  III,  52,  134, 
166,  273,  352,  376,  402,  518.  535:   IV.  36,  83,  169,  289,  437,  557. 

Flagg,  George  W.   (M.),  VIII,  590. 

Fleischmann,  C.  L,.  (D. ).  XXVII,  495;  Revived  Series,  I,  87;  III,  516, 
539. 

Felcher,  John   (D),  IX,  22. 

Flint,  T.   (M.),  II,  154. 

Floyd,  J.  B.   (D.),  XXI,  602. 

Fonerden,  Prof.  Wm.  H.    (M.),  VI,  273.  329;   XXXII,  147,  362. 

Fontelle,  Luther   (M.),  XXXIV,  381. 

Forrest,  W.  S.   (  M. ) ,  XXXV,  358. 

Forshay.  C.  G.  (D.),  III.  574;  IX,  150,  271;  XI,  92;  XVIII,  671;  Revived 
Series,  IV,   221. 

Forstall,  (D.),  I,  53,  238,  357,  473,  519. 

Forsyth,  John   (D.),  XVII,  361. 

Fort,  A.  R.   (M.),  XVI,  358. 

Foster,   B.   B.    (M.),  XXV,   146. 

Foster,  Charles  H.  (M.),  XXVII,  62,  63. 

Foster,  G.  G   (M.),  VIII,  782. 

Fox,  C.   J.    (D.),  XIV,  485. 

Franklin,  Benjamin   (M. ),  II,  411,  445. 

Fraser,  C.  G.    (D.),  XXV,  56. 

Frazer,  Martha  W.   (M.),  VII,  523. 

Friese,  P.  C.   (D.),  Revived  Series,  IV,  292. 

Furman,  Richard   (M.),  XXIX,  56:  XXXI 1 1,  79. 

Gadsden,  J.   (D.),  II,  119:  XXIII.  94. 

Gaillard,  E.  L.   (D.),  XIX,  255,  539;  XX,  21,  315. 

Gamble,  J.  G.   (D.),  XII,  275. 

Gardner,  Col.   (D.),  XV,  448. 

Garland,  L.  C.  (M.),  X.  254. 

Garnett,  ,  of  Virginia    (D.),  XVIII,  145,  289,  559. 

Garnett,  C.  T.  M.   (D.),  XX,  249. 

Garnett,  James  M.   (M.),  I,  282,  725;    II,  561,  613;  VIII,  115. 

Gautier,  P.  W.   (D. ),  IV,  318. 


I  X  I )  EX . 


123 


Gayarre.  Charles  (D. ),  III.  449;  XVII,  229,  379;  XIX,  325;  Revived  Se- 
ries, I,  77,  256,  283,  404;    III,  497. 

George,  Thomas  J,    (M.),  IX,  410. 

Gibbon,  J.  H.    (D.),  XXVII,  1,  410.  I 

Gibson,  R.  L.  (D.),  XXI,  375;  XXIX.  31. 

Gilchrist,  (M.),  II,  770. 

Gilmer,  Governor  Thos.  W.   (M.),  Ill,  97;  VII,  109. 

Gilpin,  Catharine  M.    (M.).  IX,  280. 

Gilpin,  W.   (D.),  XXIV,  159,  251. 

Givens,  N.  C.   (D.),  XXVI,  445;   XXVII,  39. 

Glenn,  D.  C.   (D.),  VII,  38. 

Glenn,  S.  F.  (D.).  I,  153,  508;   II,  439;  XV,  291. 

Glidden,  W.  A.    (D.),  XII.  362.  465. 

Gobright,  L.  A.   (M.),  IX,  157. 

Gooch,  Miss  C.  E.   (M.),  II,  769. 

Goodman,  W.    (  D. ) .  V.  87. 

Goodrich,  C.   E.    (D.),   XXVI,   291. 

Gorham,  D.  B.   (D. ).  Ill,  535. 

Gosnold,  B.    (M.),  II,  108. 

Gould,  B.   (M.),  VI.  595;   VIII,  763. 

Grammer,  G.  C.   (D.),  XIX.  29. 

Granald,  Paul  M.    (M.),  VII,  186,  563,  643,  698;   VIII,  508;    IX,  30. 

Grayson,  W.  J.  (M.),  XXI,  77,  229,  296;  (D.)  XIV,  212;  XXI,  248,  622; 
XXII,  149;  XXVIII.  48;  XXIX,  342;  Revived  Series,  I,  488. 

Grayson,  W.  S.  (M.),  VII,  577;  XXV,  321;  XXIX,  177;  XXX,  112;  XXXI, 
240;  (D.)  XIX,  168;  XXII,  74;  XXIII.  262;  XXV,  308;  XXVI,  29, 
161;    XXVII.   168,  328. 

Grayson,  W.  T.    (M.),  XXXIII,  453. 

Greely,  Horace   (D.),  IV,  291. 

Green,  George  Duff   (D.),  IX,  300. 

Green,  George  W.   (M.),  XXX.  455. 

Greene,  A.   (D. ),  Revived  Series,  I,  466. 

Greenhow,  Robert  (M.).  II,  525,  629;    (D. ),  II,  215,  245;  VII,  319. 

Greenough,  Horatio  (M.).  XIX,  513. 

Greenwood,  Augusta  (M.),  XXI,  48,  105. 

Gregg,  William  (D.),  VIII,  134;  XI,  63,  123,^428;  XVIII.  777;  (M.), 
XXIX,  77,  225,  494,  623,  771. 

Greiner,  (D.),   II,   345. 

Gribble,  J.  B.   (D.),  VI,  126. 

Grigsby,  H.  B.    (M.),  XX,  76;   XXII,  110;   XXIX,  81. 

Griswold,  Chester  A.   (M.),  IV,  310. 

Griswold,  Rufus  W.  (M.),  VI,  274,  460,  713. 

Gross,  M.   (D.),  XXII,  77,  419;  XXV,  144. 

Habersham,  R.  W.    (D.),  XXV,  405. 

Hale,  E.  B.  (M.),  IX,  1,  14,  57,  202,  255,  257,  605;  X,  76,  168,  614,  678; 
XI,  30,  170,  366,  510,  537;   XIII,  37. 


124 


IXDEX. 


Hale,  Mrs.  Sarah  J.  (D.),  II,  571. 

Hale,  Prof.  (D.),  Ill,  469. 

Hall,  James   (D.),  IV,  17. 

Hamilton,  J.   (D.),  XIV,  24;    (M.),  XVII,  673. 

Hammond,  Governor  (D.),  VII,  289,  490;  VIII,  252,  301. 

Hammond,  M.  C.  H.  (D.),  XXIV,  329. 

Hanckel,  T.  M.  (D.),  XXIX,  302. 

Harland,  Marion  (M.),  XXI,  252. 

Harper,  Chancellor  (D.),  VIII,  232,  339;   IX,  495,  614;  X,  47. 

Harper,  Judge  (M.),  IV,  609. 

Harris,  H.  T.   (M.),  XXXII,  53. 

Harris,  J.  G.   (D.).  XXVI,  679;  XVII,  41. 

Hart,  W.  P.    (D.),   Ill,  555. 

Harvey,  A.  F.  (M.),  XXIII,  361. 

Hayden,  C.  B.   (M.),  IX,  555;  X,  178,  229,  438. 

Hayne,  P.  H.   (D.),  X,  102;    (M.),  XVII,  36,  110,  154,  386,  505,  543.  557; 

XVIII,  47;  XIX,  15,  699,  726;   XX,  32,  213;  XXI,  121,  252,  380,  478, 

500,  518;   XXII,  67,  109,  188;  XXVI,  382,  450;  XXVII,  154,  266,  301, 

356,  366,  456,  468;  XXVIII,  33,  232;   XXXIV,  229. 
Haynes,  Milton  A.   (D.),  I,  502. 
Headley,  J.  T.   (M.),  X,  521. 

Heath,  James  E.  (M.),  I,  1;  III,  102;  IV,  705;  VII,  32. 
Henderson,  J.  J.   (D.),  XVI,  490;  Revived  Series,  I,  58. 
Headley,  J.  J.   (D.),  XXI,  443. 

Henry,  (D.),  XXII,  387. 

Herbert,  (D.),  XXIII,  400. 

Heriot,  Edwin  (D.),  Ill,  516;  VI,  45;  VII,  339,  398;  VIII,  450;   XX,  67; 

XXI,  299,  650;  XXVI,  43;   XXIX,  215. 

Hewitt, (D.),  XXI,  578;  XXII,  44. 

Hewitt,  Mrs.  Mary  E.  (M.),  VI,  628,  820;  VII,  57,  239,  302,  434,  661;  IX, 

683;  X,  39,  409,  538;  XI,  47;  XIV,  301;  XV,  38,  623;  XVIII,  78. 
Hewson,  M.  B.  (D.),  XI,  471,  561;  XXVI,  239. 
Hewson,  T.  B.  (D.),  X,  175,  502. 

Hicks,  Mrs.  (M.),  XVIII,  57;  XIX,  49. 

Hill,  A.  J.   (D.),  XXXI,  551. 

Hirst,  Anna  M.   (M.).  IX,  749;  X,  17,  246,  406,  630. 

Hirst,  Henry  B.    (M.).  IX,  664,  727;  X.  33,  43,  72,  92,  199,  440.  525.  619; 

XI,  157. 

Hitchcock,  Prof.  (D.),  Ill,  80. 

Hodge,  William  L  (D.),  II,  53. 
Hofer,  A.  B.   (D.),  XXI,  125. 
Hoffman,  C.  F.   (M.),  V,  787,  792. 
Holcombe,  J.  P.   (M.),  XXVII,  401. 
Holcombe,  S.  B.   (M.).  XXXIII,  411. 
Holcombe,  T.  B.  (M.),  XXII,  180. 


INDEX. 


125 


Holcombe,  William  H.   (M.),  XIV,  327,  343,  382,  543,  737;  XVI,  495,  622; 

XXXI,  26;  XXXII,  81,  404;  XXXIII,  78,  148,  184,  226,  303,  349,  401; 

XXXIV,  18,  156,  171,  256. 
Holland,  J.  G.  (M.),  XXXIII,  629. 
Holmes,  George  F.  (M.),  X,  410,  538,  673;  XI,  172;    (D.),  XIX,  559,  617; 

XX,  521;  XXI,  30,  103,  132,  217;  XXII,  133,  249;  Revived  Series,  I, 

25,  225,  337;   III,  12,  113,  337;   IV,  273. 
Hooper,  William  (M.),  IV,  480. 
Hope,  James  B.  (M.),  XXI,  444;  XXIII,  247,  367;  XXIV,  75,  455;  XXVI, 

52. 
Hope,  J.  C.   (D.),  XXVIII,  405;  XXIX,  269,  721. 
Hopkins,  A.  F.  (D.),  XXVII,  149;  XXVIII,  278. 
Hopkins,  E.  A.    (D.),  XIV,  238. 

Hopkinson, Judge   (1VL),  I,  322;  II,  530;   III,  39. 

Horton,  H.  G.    (D.),  Revived  Series,  I,  474. 

Horton,  Miss  Marion   (M.),  IV,  113. 

Howard,  Caroline   (M.),  XVII,  232,  420,  729;  XVIII,  42;  XIX,  437,  497; 

XXII,  290;   XXIV,   285. 
Howard,  William  G.  (M.),  VI,  469,  624,  703,  825;  VII,  68,  205. 
Howe,  Mrs.  S.  J.   (M.),  VII,  393. 
Howison,  Robert  R.    (M.),  XXXIV,  172,  209,  273,  401,  513,  593;   XXXV, 

129,  165,  193,  237,  321,  385,  450,  513,  577,  741. 
Hubbard,  F.  M.   (M.),  XIV,  510. 
Hughes,  H.    (D.),  XXV,   626. 
Hughes,  R.  W.   (D.).  Revived  Series,  III,  291. 
Hunter,  James  L.   (M.),  X,  233. 

Hunter,  R.  M.  T.  (M.),  XXVI,  167;   (D.),  XXI,  531;  XXIV,  492. 
Huntingdon,  D.  W.   (M.),  IV,  105,  245. 
Huntingdon,  E.  M.    (D.),  V,  13. 
Hutchinson,  R.   (D.),  Revived  Series,  11,  494. 
Ingleton,  Pen.   (M.),  XVIII,  459,  529. 
Ireton,  Fanny  G.  (M.),  XXXIII,  423;  XXXIV,  32,  297. 
Ivy,   V.   H.    (D.),   XII,   50. 
Jack,  O.  C.    (M.),  XII,  121. 
Jackson,  Andrew  (M.),  VII,  800. 

James,  (M.),  VI,  300. 

James,  G.  P.  R.    (M.),  XXIV,  203. 

Jamison,  George  D.  F.    (D.),  XXII,  180. 

Janney,  S.  N.   (M.),  V,  518. 

Jay,  Rev.  William   (M.),  XIV,  229. 

Jefferson,  Thomas  (M.),  Ill,  31,  304;  XIV,  188. 

Jeffrey,  A.   (M.),  XXXV,  463. 

Jenks,  Harriet  M.    (M.),  VIII,  321,  378. 

Jewett,  H.  J.  (D.),  XXVI,  513. 

Johnson,  B.    (M.),  IX,  458. 

Johnson,  F.    (M.),  XXXI,  179. 


126  INDEX. 

Johnson,  Lucy  T.    (M.),   I,   466;    II,  759. 

Johnson,  R.  M.  (D.),  XXII,  166. 

Jordan,  Mrs.  C.  Q.  M.   (M.),  XIX,  146,  564. 

Josselyn,  Robert  (M.),  XL  434. 

Joynes,  Ed.  S.   (M.),  XXXV,  485. 

Junkin,  Margaret   (Mrs.  Prescott)    (M.),  XV,    172;    XVI,  596,  691,  709; 

XVII,  147,  533,  638;  XVIII,  217,  433,  574;   XIX,  41. 
Kalfus,   S.    (D.),  XXVII,  178. 

Kane,  Thomas  L.  (M.),  XVII,  170. 

Kean,  Robert  G.  H.   (M.).  XVI,  479. 

Keith,  L.  M.    (D.),  XXI,  491. 

Kenna,  Ed.    (D.),  XX,  78. 

Kennedy,  E.    (M.),  XVII,  752;   XVIII,  53. 

Kennedy,  John  P.   (M.),  XXIV,  223. 

Kenny,  Mrs.  E.  C.   (M.),  XV,  189. 

Kenyon,  John  (M.),  V,  705. 

Ketchum,  Annie  C.   (MJ,  XXIX,  96. 

Kettell,  G.  P.   (D.),  IV,  85;  V,  30;  VI,  243;   IX,  413;  XII,  169;  XXI,  308. 

Key,  Francis  Scott  (M.),  XVIII,  587,  673;  XIX,  90. 

Kidney,  J.  S.   (M.),  VII,  31,  33. 

Kilbourn,  P.  K.   (M.),  VI,  650;  VII,  304;  IX,  9,  76;  X,  671. 

Kilgaur,  J.  M.  (M.),  XVII,  253;  XXXII,  483. 

Killibrew,  J.  E.  (D. ),  Revived  Series,  IV,  423. 

Kilpatrick, Dr.    (D.).  XI,   40;   XII,  256,    631;   XIII,  379;    XV,  325; 

XXVI,  503,  630;  XXVII,  403. 
King,  Horatio   (M.),  Ill,  22. 
Kirby,  Rev.  Wm.   (M.),  V.  211. 
Knight,  J.  E.    (M.),  XII,  30. 
Knight,  J.  Matilda  (M.),  VII,  379. 
Knox,  N.  A.  (D.),  Revived  Series,  IV,  16,  61,  160,  545. 

Koeppen,  Prof.   (D.),  XXI,  639;  XXII,  302,  359. 

Landon,  Letitia  E.   (M.),  VII,  548,  637. 

Lane,  Thomas  W.   (M.),  XVIII,  402. 

Lanman,  Charles  (M.),  VI,  296,  364,  412,  602,  609.  720,  723;  VII,  26,  129, 

199,  421;    XIV,  682,  727;    XV,   351,  413;    XVI,   27,  98,   229,  272,   727; 

XVIII,  629. 

Lathrop,  G.  H.  (D.),  XIV,  230. 

Lauzac,  Henry   (M.),  XXVIII,  72. 

Law,  Edmund    (M.),  V,  512. 

Lawrence,   William  R.    (M.).  XXIII,  225,  378. 

Lea,  A.  M.   (D.),  XVII,  184. 

Lea,  Henry  C.    (M.),  X,   619. 

Le  Blanc,  Andre  (D.),  IX,  286. 

LeClerc,  Frederick    (M.),  VII.  398. 

Lee,  Charles  C.   (MJ,  VIII,  257. 

Lee,  D.    (D.),  XXII,  486. 


r.\Di:\. 


127 


Lee,  Maj.  Henry  (M.),  II,  541. 

Lee,  Mary  E.   (M. ),  XI,  267,  350,  443,  539,  633,  712,  713;   XII,  11,  25,  87, 

295,   361,   444,   488,   554,  616,   672,   725;    XIII,   23,   281,  636;    XIV,   29, 

281,  409. 
Leo,  Zaccheus  C.  (M.),  V,  758. 
Leech,  D.  D.   (D.),  XVI,  553. 
Legarg,  J.  M.   (M.),  XII,  164;  XIII,  342,  422,  471,  547;   XIV,  596;   XV,  6, 

414;   XVIII,  115;    (D.),  IX,  158,  392. 
Leigh,  J.  E.  (M.),  XV,  634,  681;  XVI,  354;  XXI,  430. 
Lepner,  George   (M. ),  III,  103. 
Lester,  C.  E.    (D.),  XI,   227. 
Lewis,  Charles  H.  (M.),  VIII,  6,  111. 
Lewis,  Charles  H.   (M.),  VI,  111. 

Lieber,  Prof.   (D.),  V,  388;   XV,  53,  186. 

Lieber,  Dr.  Francis  (M.),  II,  535;   III,  161. 
Lindsley,  Dr.  H.    (M.),  V,  616. 

Linebaugh,  Prof.   (D. ),  Revived  Series,  III,  365. 

Linwood,  Lottie  (M.),  XXVII,  176;  XXVIII,  73. 

Littlepage,  Lewis   (M.),  XIV,  450. 

Lochwood,   Ralph    (M.),   XVII,    730. 

Lomax,   Miss  Jane  T.    (M.),  VI,   828;    VII,   162,   324,   571,   625,   705,   845; 

VIII,  231,  337,  379,  430,  468,  591,  620;   IX,  33,  76. 
London,  D.  H.  (D.),  XXVIII,  314;  XXIX,  466. 
Longfellow,  H.  W.  (M.),  V,  709;  VI.  114,  819;  VIII,  57;  XV,  686. 
Longstreet,  A.  B.  (M.),  VI,  651. 
Loos.  C.  L.   (M.),  XV,  69. 

Loring,  Judge    (D.),  XIX,   137. 

Love,  Rev  William   (M.),  XXI,   !89,  220,  373. 

Lumpkin,  J.  H.    (D.),  XII,  41. 

Lunt,  George    (M.),  II,  373. 

Lykins,  David  (M.),  XVIII,  108. 

Lyle,  Larry   (M.),  I,  232,  402. 

Lyler,  J.  A.    (D.),  XXI,  177. 

Lytton,  Bulwer   (Vid  Bulwer),  XX,  278. 

McDonald,  H.  B.   (M.),  145,  650. 

McFarland,  William  H.   (M.),  XVII,  123. 

Madison,  (D.),  XX  r.  369. 

Magoon,  E.  L.   (M.),  IX,  193;  XIII,  741. 
Manigault,   G.    (D.),  Revived   Series,   IV,   497. 
Mann,  W.  W.    (D.),  V,  390. 
Mann,  A.  D.   (D.),  XXI,  411;  XXIV,  352. 
Marr,  R.  H.    (D.),  VII,  356. 
Marsh,  George  P.   (M.),  XIV,  328. 
Marshall,  C.  K.   (D.),  XVIII,  655;  XXI,  519. 
Marshall,  John    (M.),  VII,  759. 
Martin,  F.  X.  (D.),  II,  345. 


128  INDEX. 

Martin,  James  (D.),  XXIV,  382. 

Marvel,  Ik.   (M.),  XIV,  10.  209;  *XV,  499,  601,  722;  XVI,  162,  717. 

Mason,  John  Y.   (M.),  XVIII,  348. 

Matthews,  J.  W.    (M.),  VI,  550,  699. 

Matthews,  J.  W.    (M.).  VIII,  480. 

Maury,  M.  F.  (M.),  VI,  233,  306,  786;  VII,  3,  169,  290,  345,  391,  479,  654, 
706;  IX,  393,  458;  XI,  83,  577;  XIV,  4,  246,  547;  XV,  260,  304;  (D.), 
V,  64;  VI,  205;  VII,  510;  XII,  126,  381;  XIV,  449;  XV,  36;  XVI, 
626;  XIX,  72;  XXII,  513. 

Maxwell,  —  (M.),  II,  260,  554. 

Maxwell,  I.  A.   (D.),  Revived  Series,  III,  179. 

Mayer.  Brantz  (D.),  IX,  31. 

Mayo,  Mrs.  Abigail  (M.),  622. 

McCabe,  Rev.  John  (M.),  II,  466,  652;  III,  233,  380,  489,  657;  V,  146, 
456,  598;  VI,  465,  582;  VII,  579;  VII,  321;  X,  282,  356,  607;  XI, 
631,  661;  XIV,  591;  XV,  226;  XVI,  136,  612;  XX,  187;  XXII,  411, 
791;   XXXIII,  362,  411;  XXXIV,  558"  XXXV,  415. 

McCabe,  Wm.  Gordon  (M.),  XXV,  474;  XXXIV.  81,  136;  XXXV,  43, 
270,  291;   XXXVI,  178,  240. 

McCaleb,  T.  H.   (D.),  179. 

McCaulay,  D.  D.    (D.),  I,  369,  444,  528. 

McCay,  Prof.    (D.),  X,  206;   XVI,  337. 

McClellan,  I.  (M.),  X,  85;  XI,  537. 

McCord,  D.  J.    (D.),  XI,  349;   XV,  483;   XVIII,  474,  591. 

MvCulloch,  R.  S.    (D.),  VI,  334;   VII,  56;   X,  252. 

MiGehee,  M.  H.   (D.),  VII,  73;  XI,  7. 

McJilton,  J.  M.    (ML),  II,  367. 

McKay,  Charles   (M.),  XXXIII,  270. 

McKnight,  L.   (D.),  XIV,  28,  151;  XVI,  311. 

McKrum,  ■  (D.),  IV,  95. 

McQuiggin,  Giles   (M.),  I,  764. 

Mead,  E.  C.  (M.),  XXXII,  473;  XXXIII,  184,  266,  440;  XXXIV,  128,  376. 

Meade.  Richard  Kidder   (M.),  XXV,  22. 

Mecom,  Mrs.  Jane   (M.),  V,  304. 

Medina,  Miss  L.  H.   (M.),  Ill,  569. 

Meek,  A.  B.  (M.),  VII,  685;  IX,  646,  720,  754;  X,  30,  377,  469;  XIV,  26; 
XXI,  59;   XXXV,  527. 

Mellen,  G.  (M.),  Ill,  95. 

Memminger,  G.  C.    (D.),  XXIX,  751. 

Merrill,  A.  P.   (D.),  XX,  612. 

Messenger,  William  R.  (M.),  XXXIV,  245. 

Middleton,  William    (D.),  XXVIII,  16. 

Miller,  S.  F.  (D.),  VI,  92,  181. 

Miller,   S.   S.   (D.),  XIX,  286. 

Miller,  W.  J.   (M.),  XXXI,  350. 

Millington,  Prof.    (M.),  592. 


INDEX. 


129 


Milnward,  Mrs.  Maria  G.  (M.),  V,  751;  VI,  505;  VII,  37,  119;  IX,  690. 

Minnigerode,  Charles  (M.),  VIII,  606,  793;  IX,  96. 

Minor,  B.  B.    (M.),  X,  315,  383,  507,  577;   XI,  50,  65,  384,  420,  508,  567, 

650;   XIII,  65,  243,  356,  567,  611;  XIV,  344;    (D.),  IV,  366,  450. 
Minor,  Mrs.  B.  B.   (M.),  IX,  606;   X,  277,  349,  426. 
Minor,  Lucian  (M.),  II,  17. 
Minor,  W.  G.   (M.),  VII,  109. 
Mitchell,  D.  D.   (M.),  I,  534. 
Mitchell,  J.  D.    (D.),  XXIV,   277. 
McKiernan,  George  S.    (M.),  VII,  222,  477,  523. 
McMullen,  John  (M.),  VIII,  197,  255. 

Moffit,  Lieut.   (D.),  XXVI,  698. 

Monette,  Annabel   (M.),  XXXII,  405. 

Moore,  J.  G.   (D.),  XV,  460;  XVI,  12. 

Moore,  J.  I.  (D.),  XVI,  382;  XXVIII,  615,  657;  XXIX,  25,  401,  441,  702. 

Moore,  J.  W.   (D.),  XV,  109. 

Moore,  Mollie   (M.),  XXXVI,  531. 

Morgan,  H.  J.    (D.),  Revived  Series,  II,  11. 

Morgan,  J.  W.   (D.),  XI,  463;  XXVIII,  434,  514. 

Morgan,  M.    (M.),  VI,  115.  329. 

Morse,  G.  W.   (D.),  XIX,  193. 

Morse,  P.  A.  (D.),  VI,  107;  XXIII,  324,  367,  475,  477. 

Morrill, (D.),  XXII,  492. 

Morris,  George  P.    (M.),  I,  317. 

Morris,  R.  G.   (D.),  XVII,  76;   XX,  622. 

Morton,  Miriam    (M.),  XXII,  272. 

Mount,  S.  A.  (M.),  VII,  1,  166. 

Mowatt,  Anna  C.  (M.),  VII.  723;  VIII,  209,  430,  611;  IX,  25. 

McPherson,  J.  D.   (M.),  XI,  402. 

Mulchinock,  William  D.    (M.),  XV,  120;   XVI,  99;   XVII,  7,  80,  211,  317, 

629;   XVIII,  34. 
Munford,  George  Win.    (M.),  I,  768;   III,  711. 
Murphy,  Dr.  F.  D.*(M.),  VII,  243. 
Murray,  C.  A.   (M.),  VI,  571. 
Murray,  Lindlay  (M.),  II,  669. 
Myers,  Dr.  Henry  (M.),  V,  833. 
Nealey,  Mrs.  Mary  E.  (M.),  XX,  221. 
Nelson,  Th.    (M.),  VI,  202. 
Nesbit,  J.  T.    (D.),  V,  303. 
Neville,  Laurence    (M.),  XXIV,  35,  113,   191,  294,  381,  425;   XXV,  104, 

171,  336. 
Nevin,  D.  C.    (M.),  VII,  848. 
Newton,  E.   (D.),  XVI,  427. 
Niles,  J.  M.    (D.),  V,  454. 
Noble,  L.  L.    (M.),  VI,   769. 
Norton,  Mrs.   (M.),  I,  206. 


130  INDEX. 

Norwood,  Rev.   (M.),  VIII,  19. 

Nott,  .Tosiah  C.   (D.),  Ill,  358;   IV,  275;  X,  113,  229;   XIX,  443. 

Nott,  Thomas  B.   (M.),  VI,  292. 

Noyes,  J.  D.  (D. ),  VI,  200;  Revived  Series,  II,  1. 

Oakes,  R.  A.    (M.),   XXV,   232,   278. 

Olmstead,  E.  K.   (D.),  XXIX,  739. 

Orr,  J.  D.   (D.),  XIX,  1. 

Osgood,   Francis   S.    (M.),   XVI,   27. 

Otis,  James  F.   (M.),  II,  238,  494;  III,  508,  537;    IV,  130,  246;   V,  14,  94, 

216,  254,  348,  397,  506,  521,  629,  696,  721. 
Owen,  D.  D.   (D.),  XXV,  199. 

Palmer,  Dr.  Wm.  P.    (M.),  XXIV,  1,  134,  210,  273. 
Pardigon,  F.   (M.),  XXIX,  297. 
Parmele,  Ed.   (M. ),  VI,  15,  677. 
Partridge,  J.  M. 

Paulding,  J.  K.   (M.),  I,  1,  31;    II,  464,  538    539;    IX,  56. 
Payne,  B.  H.  (D. ),  III,  39,  98. 
Peacock,  J.  S.    (D. ),  XI,  263. 
Peck,  H.   D.    (D.),  VIII,  101. 
Peck,  H.  J.    (D.),  V,  228. 
Pendleton,  W.  N.    (M.),  XXII,  199. 
Perkins,   John    (D.),   XV,   275;    XVII,   140;   XIX,   462. 

Perley,  (M.),  XVIII,  149. 

Perrigo,  W.  H.  (M.),  XXXII,  66;  XXXIII,  199,  336. 

Petacolas,  A.  E.   (M.),  XXXI,  416. 

Pettigrew,  J.  J.   (D.),  XXV,  166,  289. 

Peyton,  J.  L.  (D.),  XIX,  247,  405. 

Phillips,  Barnard   (M.),  XVII,  110. 

Phillips,  M.  W.   (D.),  VII,  410. 

Phillips,  P.   (D.),  XII.  399. 

Pickett,  J.  C.    (M.),  XI,  193. 

Pierce,  George  A.   (D.).  XI,  372,  601. 

Pierson,  Mrs.  L.  J.  (M.),  V,  676,  725;  VI,  686;   VII,  201,  309,  792. 

Piggot,  Mrs.  Margaret   (M.),  XXXV,  240. 

Pillsbury,  C.  A.   (D.),  Revived  Series,  III,  158;   IV,  537. 

Piatt,  A.    (M.),  XVII,  147. 

Pleasants,  Julia  (M.),  XIX,  721;  XX,  105. 

Poe,  Edgar  A.    (M.),   I,  333,  448,  515,  636,  667.  693,  706;    II,  13,  33.  106, 

150,  154,   235,   238,  313,   318,   366,   387,  539,  552;    III,   5,   13.   72.   109; 

XI,  186;   XIV,  569,  577,  673;   XV,  217,  292,  336,  414,  509,  600;    XVI. 

608;    XXV,  331. 
Poe,  Francis  (D.),  XIX,  456;   XX,  448;   XXI,  58;  XXIV,  347. 
Poinsett,  Joel  R.  (D.),  II,  21,  27,  164,  429;   III.  4  11.  462;  V,  401. 
Pollard,   E.  A.    (M.),   XVII,  160;    XVIII,   468;    XXIV.  354;    XXIX,   294; 

(D.),  XXIII,  608;  XXVIII,  550,  700,  704. 
Pope,  John    (D.),  I,  227. 


INDEX. 


131 


Porcher,  F.  P.   (D.),  XXXI,  105. 

Porter,  B.  F.   (M.),  XVI,  53;    (D.)    I,  374;   II,  24,  142,  224,  243,  351,  431; 

III,  165,  309;   IV,  108. 
Porter,  William  D.  (M.),  X,  601,  681:  XL  13. 
Potter,  Charles    (D. ),  V,   513. 
Powell,  L.  M.   (M.),  VIII,  205. 
Powell,  W.  Byrd   (M.),  I,  42,  204. 
Pratt,  I.    (D.h  II,  153. 
Pratt,  J.    (D.),  XXIX,  334. 
Price,  H.  B.   (D.),  VII,  53;  VIII,  146. 
Puer,  W.   B.    (D.»,  XIV,  431. 
Putnam,  G.  P.    (D.),   IV,  194. 
Ramsay,  Governor   (D.),  XXVIII,  325. 
Randall,  James  R.    (M.),  XXXIV,  40,  98. 
Randell,   Henry   S.    (M.),   XXXI,   133. 
Randolph,  David  M.    (M.),  I,  340. 
Randolph,  John   (M.),  XXIV,  386. 
Rawle,  J.    (D.),  426. 
Ray,   Luzerne    (M.).   VI,   829. 
Read,  Thomas  B.    (M.),  VTI,  473,  563. 
Reese,  W.  B.  (M.),  XXXI,  161,  296. 
Reid,  John  S.  (M.),  VTI,  116. 
Reynolds,  J.  B.  (D.),  VII,  389;  VIII,  313. 
Reynolds,  J.  L.   (D.),  XXIX,  569;  Revived  Series,  I,  71. 
Reynolds,  J.  H.   (M.),  164. 
Reynolds,  J.  N.    (JVL),   IX,   705. 
Reynolds,  T.  C.   (M.),  IX,  641,  746;    (D.),  Ill,  547. 
Rhodes,  W.  H.    (M.),  XIV,  33. 

Rice,  J.  Strong  (M. ),  VIII,  590,  670,  672;  X,  470,  542. 
Richards,  William  C.   (M.),  XXIX,  465. 
Richardson,  R.   (M.).  XIII,  15. 
Richardson,  W.  C.   (M.),  XIV,  52,  561,  585. 
Riddell,  J.  L.   (D.),  II,  433;   III,  528. 
Riddell,  W.  P.   (D.),  XII,  280,  466. 
Roane,  A.    (M.),  XXI,  212,  283,  364,  420.   172,   538,  602.   681,   729;   XXII, 

168;    (D.),  XVIII,   545;    XX,   645;   XXI,   63;   XXII,   62;    XXIV,   173, 

304;    XXVIII,  566;    XXIX,   448. 
Robb,  James    (D.),   XXI,   121. 
Roberts,  Dewitt  C.    (M.),  VI,  601. 

Roberts,  Percy   (D.),  XXV,  379;  XXVI,  640;   XXVII,  625. 
Robertson,  John   (M.),  XVIII,  218,  304. 
Robertson,  Wyndham   (M.),  XXXI,  81. 
Robinson,  Conway   (M.),  XI,  49. 
Robinson,  D.  H.    (JVL),  X,  60,  106,  178,  315. 
Robinson,  J.  B.   (D.),  Revived  Series,  II,  274. 
Robinson,  Solon    (D. ),   VII,   206,  379. 


132  I1STDEX. 

Rodman,  W.  M.   (M.),  VIII,  590;   X,  714. 

Roman,  A.  B.   (D.),  VII,  322. 

Rose,   P.  A.    (D.),  Ill,  56. 

Rozel,  S.  A.   (M.),  Ill,  148. 

Ruffin,  Edmund   (D.),  XIV,  34;   XXII,  462,  583;    XXIII,  266,  385,  546; 

XXV,  27;  XXVI,  415,  647;  XXVIII,  55,  336,  392,  583;   XXIX,  638. 
Ruffner,  Henry   (M.),  IV,  792;  V,  469,  638. 
Rush,  Richard  (M.),  XVIII,  699. 
Sabine,  L.   (D.),  XXVI,  691. 
Saunders,  John   (M.),  XVII,  317. 
Sasnett,  W.  J.    (D.),  XII,  614. 
Saunders,  Edwin   (M.),  II,  749. 
Saunders,  Robert   (M.),  V,  595;  XII,  540. 
Savage,  John   (M.),  XXIX,  289. 
Schade,  L.  (D.),  XIX,  648. 

Scheie  de  Vere,  Prof.  (M.),  XXVI,  169,  296,  360. 
Schmidt,  Charles  F.  (D.),  Revived  Series,  III,  146. 
Schmidt,  Gustavus  (D.),  I,  117. 

Scott, (D.),  XVIII,   647. 

Scott,  D.  W.    (D.),  XVIII,  496. 

Scott,  J.  W.  (D.),  XV,  50:  XVIII,  1;  XXI,  289;  XXVI,  560;  XXVn,  125; 

XXVIII,  495,  648;  XXIX,  187. 
Screven,  William  E.   (M.),  XVIII,  439. 
Scull,  W.  D.   (D.),  XXIX,  712. 
Seabrook,  W.  (D.),  VII,  145. 
Seay,  W.  A.    (D.),  XXIV,  335. 
Sedgwick,  Miss  (M.),  IV,  318,  573. 
Semple,  William  M.    (M.),  XXXV,  530,  550. 

Senseney,  George  E.   (M.),  XVIII,  172,  272:  XXI,  538,  510;  XXIV,  46. 
Sewall,  Thomas   (M.),  V,  742. 
Shaffner,  T.  P.    (D.),  XXV,  253. 
Shakespear,  Henry  (M.),  XXXI,  380. 
Shaw,  James  B.   IB.),  XIX,  157. 
Sheefer,  P.  W.   (D.),  XXV,  268. 
Shelton,  P.  W.   (M.),  XIX,  223;  XXI,  42. 
Shepard,   Professor    (D.),  XIX,  343. 
Shepard,  Isaac   (M.),  VII.  249. 
Shepherd,  William   P.    (M.),  IX,  224. 
Sherwood,  L.    (D. ),  XIX,  81,  201,  578. 
Shields,  James  T.  C.    (M.),  XXXIV,  466. 
Shortridge,  George  D.   (D.),  XXVI,  547. 
Shreeve,  T.  H.    (M.),  VI,  608,  641. 
Shuck,  Mrs.  Henrietta   (M.),  VI,  822. 
Sigourney,  Mrs.  L.  H.  (M.),  I,  12,  13,  51,  169,  371,  372,  635,  755;   II,  525; 

III,  40;    IV,  152,  321,  476,  650,  786;   V,  101,  210,   413,   430,  581;   VII, 

177;  VIII,  282,  286;   XIV,  3,  139,  292,  457;   XX,  120,  140. 


INDEX.  1 33 

Sill,  Preston  D.  (D.).  XXXI,  356,  358. 

Simmons,  James  W.  (M.),  XV,  561,  673. 

Simms,  William  Gilmore  (M.),  II,  530,  535,  635;  III,  157,  194,  353,  367; 
IV,  79;  V,  817;  VI,  36,  37,  38,  290,  444,  736;  VII,  177,  468;  X,  7, 
137.  340,  449;  XI,  138,  761;  XII,  531;  XVI,  36;  XVII,  193,  281,  339, 
410,  467;  XXVITI,  460;  XXXII,  5;  XXXIV,  101:  (D.)  XIX,  588; 
XXIV,  338. 

Slidell,  A.    (M.),  II,  540. 

Smeder,  A.  K.    (D.),  XIII,  475. 

Smith,  A.  A.    (I).),  XIII,  475. 

Smith,  C.  D.    (M.),  X,  181. 

Smith,  Emeline   (M.),  XXIV,  418. 

Smith,  F.    (D.),  Ill,  565. 

Smith,  Mrs.  Harrison  (M.),  Ill,  344. 

Smith,  H.   (D.),  VII,  48,  128,  246;  XI,  468;  XXIV,  328. 

Smith,  Mrs.  Sheba  (M.),  V,  465,  572,  720;  VI,  46,  49,  60,  296,  717;  VII, 
1,  247,  337,  607;  VIII,  86,  121,  241,  317. 

Smith,  S.  R.    (M.),  XXXI,  248. 

Smith,  W.  G.   (D.),  XXII,  479. 

Smyth,  J.  J.   (M.),  XV,  539. 

Snodgrass,  J.  E.  (M.),  VI,  245;  VII,  64,  284. 

South,  Elma   (M.),  XX,  374. 

Southey,  Caroline   (M.),  IX.  85. 

Speece.  Fred.   (M. ),  I,  636. 

Spencer,  (M.),  XVII,  17. 

Spooner.  L.   (D. ).  Revived  Series,  II,  150;   IV,  161,  393. 

Spratt.  L.  W.   (M.),  XXXII,  409. 

Squier,  E.   G.    (D.),   XXIX,   410.    , 

Stanton,  W.  N.   (M.),  XIII,  152,  356. 

Stein,  A.  (D.),  VII.  103,  396;  VIII,  105,  335;  IX,  55,  304,  354,  594;  XI, 
574;  XII,  1,  13;  XVI,  66,  225;  XVIII,  746;  XXVII,  426,  696;  XXVIII, 
76,  183;  Revived  Series,  I,  184.  245,  589;  II,  373;  III,  547. 

Steuckrath,  Geoorge  (D.),  XXVI,  439;  XXVII,  84.  407,  462,  688;  XXVIII, 
305. 

Stewart,  John  S.   (M.),  XXVII,  94. 

Stickney,  L.  D.   (D.),  Revived  Series,  II,  382. 

Stilling.  Margaret    (M.),  XXXIV,  296,  546,   648;   XXXV,  155,  402. 

St.  Maur,  Lewis    (M.),  V,  459. 

Stocton,  Miss  E.  H.    (M.),  V,  223. 

Stockton,  John  D.    (M.),  XXX,  453;   XXXI,  110. 

Stoddard,  R.  H.  (M.),  XV.  349;  XVI,  205,  365,  426;  XVII,  17;  XVIII, 
681;   XXIII,  214. 

Stone,  L.  B.    (D.),  Ill,  376. 

Storrow,  Thomas  W.   (M.),  XII,  377,  409,  481. 

Strohmm,  Isaac  F.   (M.),  VII,  249. 

Strong,  George  D.    (M.),  VII,  598. 


134  INDEX. 

Struve.  G.   F.    (M.),  VIII,  60;    IX,  149. 
Swain,  C.   (M.),  XIV,  730. 
Swallow,  C.  C.    (D.),  XXVI,  668. 

Swift,  Mrs.  Jane  L.   (M.),  IX,  352,  462,  577;  X,  89,  151;  XI,  299,  345. 
Sykes,  W.  J.   (D.),  XI.  621;   XIV,  63,  417;   Revived  Series,  IV,  419. 
Talley,   Susan   A.    (M.),   XVI,   240,   329,   577,   696;    XVII,   44,   99;    XVIII, 
745;    XIX,   55,   74,   213,   278,   395,  628;    XX,   75;    XXIII,  207;    XXIV, 
187,  409;  XXV,  415;  XXVIII,  448;  XXXI,  52;  XXXII,  480;  XXXIII, 
126,  169;    XXXIV.  530. 
Tallmadge,  G.  L.   (M.),  VIII,  528. 
Tappan,   William    (M.),   IX,   391,  530. 
Tarver,   M.    (D.),   Ill,  187;   VII,    103. 
Taylor,  Evelyn  H.   (M.),  IX,  129. 
Taylor,  George   (D.),  IV,  177. 
Taylor,  J.  H.    (D.),  VIII,  24. 
Taylor,  O.  J.    (M.),  XXI.  750. 
Thackeray,  W.  M.   (M.),  XIX,  344. 
Thomas,  Fred.  Wm.    (M.),  IV,  297.  473 

Thomassy,  Professor  (D.),  XXIII.  537;   XXVII,  419;  XXXI,  442. 
Thompson,   E.   P.    (M.),   XXXVI,   115,   138,   269. 
Thompson,  George  W.,  Ill,  159:   XIV,  192;   XVI,  54. 
Thompson,  Henry   (M.),  II,  684,  696,  718. 

Thompson.  John  R.  (M.),  XIII,  611,  641,  760;  XIV,  1,  57.  260,  699;  XV, 
60,  694,  758;  XVI,  61,  192,  240,  329,  453,  516,  560,  577,  697;  XVII, 
63,  104,  250.  322,  386,  453.  517,  667.  699;  XVIII,  61,  126,  192.  255, 
318,  3S1,  442,  511.  474,  613,  630,  698,  702,  758;  XIX,  57,  184,  251,  315, 
444,  518,  642,  675,  707,  777;  XX.  59,  123.  189,  253,  330,  441,  460,  528, 
565,  699,  763;  XXI.  95,  190.  235,  252,  303,  338,  389,  449,  546,  630, 
762;  XXII.  77,  156,  235,  317,  337,  416,  472;  XXIII,  79,  93,  154,  20S. 
233,  306,  393,  465;  XXIV,  76,  169,  236,  307,  392,  468;  XXV.  71, 
149,  233,  395,  471;  XXVI,  75,  148.  161,  316,  329,  390,  466;  XXVII, 
76,  155,  230,  469;  XXVIII,  74,  145,  232,  311,  395,  468;  XXIX.  73, 
131,  151,  229.  308;  XXX,  72.  107,  228.  391,  470;  XXXII,  420;  XXXIV, 
367,  475. 
Thompson,  M.  (  D. ) ,  XIX,  100. 
Thornton,   Ed.    (D.),   X,    97. 

Thornwell,   Dr.    (D.),   XXV,    417. 

Thrasher,  J.  S.  (D.),  XVII,  43. 

Timrod,   Henry    ("Aglaus")     (M.),   aV,   24,   384.   484.    754;    XVI.   14,   52, 
116;   XVII,  218,  250,  443.  645;   XVIII,  504;  XIX,  765;   XX,  28.  187; 
XXII.  87;  XXIII,  256;   XXVII,  533. 
Tomlin,  .John   (M.),  IX,  727;   X,  569. 
Toombs,  Robert  (D.),  XX,  58i. 

Trescott,  W.  H.  (D.),  XVII,  285,  327;  XX,  143;  XXVII,  668. 
Trezevant,  J.  T.   (D.),  XVI,  578. 
Troost,  L.   (D. ),  I,  251:  XVII,  319. 


IXDEX. 


135 


Troy,  D.  S.   (D.),  XXVI,  23. 

Tuck.   W.   J.    (M.),  XVIII,   470. 

Tucker,  Beverley    (M.).  I.  145,  227,  388,  oOl;    III,  209;    IV,  781;   V,  559, 

587;  XIII,  568;    (D.),  XXXI,  59. 
Tucker,  George  Prof.  (M.),  I,  405;  IV,  344;  XI,  96. 
Tucker.  Hon.  Henry  St.  Geo.  (M.),  II,  258. 

Tucker,  St.  George  (M.).  XXV.  113;  XXVIII.  236;  XXXII,  189. 
Tuckerman,  H.  T.   (M.),  VI,  41,  267,  393,  652,  713,  785,  838;  VII,  28,  105, 

177,  249,  380,  473,  605.  739,  742,  858;  VIII,  37,  741;  XIV,  83,  177,  402, 

587.  711;  XV,  25,  141,  239,  273,  259,  587,  651;  XVI,  7,  82,  129;  XVII, 

212,   344.   472,   625:    XIX,  146.   696;   XXIV,   50;    XXVIII,   81;   XXIX, 

139. 
Tuel.  J.  E.  (D.),  XIV.  576;  XV,  341. 
Turner,  George  W.   (MJ,  VII,  575. 
Turner,  J.  A.   (M.),  XIV,  572;   XVI,  533,  624;   XVIII.  179;  XXVII,  380; 

(D.),  IX,  397,  578;  XXV.  395;  XXVI.  136;   XXIX.  70. 
Turner,  J.  G.   (D.),  XI,  112. 
Turner,  William  W.    (M.).  XXX.   169. 
Tuthill.  Miss  C.   L.    (M.),  VI.   585. 
Tyler,    John     (M.),     III.    747;     V.    20-     XXIII,    81;     XXIV,    435;      (D.) 

("Python"),  XXI.  606;   XXVII,  1,  36.  245;   XVIII,  254,  367;   XXIX, 

631. 
Tyler,   Julia  G.    (M.),  XIX,   120. 
Tyson,  J.  R.    (D.),  XIV,  476;   XV,  431,  403. 
Underwood.   Godfrey    (M.),   406.   57m. 
Upshur,  A.  P.  (M.),  V,  622. 
Upshur,  Caleb  B.    (M.),  VI,  341. 

Upshur.  Mary  J.   (M.),  XXXII,  433;  XXXIII,  114,  371. 
Upton,  W.  S.   (D.),  II.  155.  271.  354. 
Vail.  Eugene  (M.),  V.  361. 

Van  Benthuysen,  W.  A.   (D. ).  Revived  Series,  I,  173,  190. 
Van  Epps,  A.  C.   (D. ),  V,  324.  411. 

Van  Eyne.  Dr.   (D.).  XV,  1. 

Vass.  H.  P.   (M.),  X,  158,  372;  XI,  467. 
Via,  J.  A.    (M.),  XXXIV,  315. 

Wade  Robert  L.   (M.),  VII,  157,  320,  328,  733;   IX,  81. 
Wagner.  John  A  (D.).  Revived  Series,  III,  525;   IV,  86. 
Wailes.  B.  C.  (D.).  XIX,  102. 
Walker.  Felix  (D.).  XVI.  150. 
Walker.  J.  W.    (D.),  XI,  1. 
Walker,  R.  J.  (D.),  XXI,  589. 
Walker.  S.  R.  (D.).  X,  596;  XVII,  519. 
Walker.  W.   (D.),  Ill,  48,  279;  XXVIII,  154. 

Wallace,  W.  (M.).  V,  605,  637;  VI,  1,  356,  676;  VII,  276,  328;  XV,  627. 
Wallis,  George  B.   (M.),  VI.  53.  67,  132,  397,  407,  706,  766;   VII,  53,  67, 
132;   XIV,  280. 


136  INDEX. 

Wall  is,  George  W.   (M.),  VI,  737. 

Wallace,  S.  Teackle  (M.),  VII,  241,  441;  VIII,  305;  XXXIV,  444. 

Waller,  H.  W.  (D.),  XI,  611. 

Walthall.  Capt.    (M.),  XXXIV,  1. 

Walton,  Thomas   (D.),  XXVI,  51. 

Warren,  Owen  G.  (M.),  X,  666. 

Warren,  T.  R.  (D.),  Revived  Series,  I,  352. 

Washington,  Augusta   (M.),  XXXIII,  363. 

Washington,  Baron  von  (M.),  XI,  252. 

Waterhouse,  S.   (D.),  Revived  Series,  IV,  211,  308. 

Waterman,  Prof.  (M.),  XI,  697. 

Watkins,  F.  M.   (D.),  XXIV,  285. 

Watterson,  George  (M.).  I,  644;   IX,  652;  X,  306. 

Webster,  Daniel    (M.),  IX,  588. 

Weightman,  R.  C.  (D.),  XXIII,  391. 

Weiss,  E.   (D.),  IX.  132;   XX,  60. 

Weller,  S.   (D.),  IV,  310;  V,  29;  VII,  59;  VIII,  245;   IX,  381;  XII,  470. 

Wellford,  Beverly  R.  (M.),  XXI,  562. 

Wells,  Mary  G.   (M.),  X,  200,  502,  661;   XI,  24,  212,  750;   XII,  95;   XIV, 

720;    XV,  289. 
Wetherald,  Esther    (M.),  VII,  385. 
Wheaton,  Robert  (M.),  XII,  683. 
Whitaker,  D.  K.   (M.),  XXXIII,  142. 
Whitaker,  Mrs.  M.  L.   (M.),  XXXIII,  30,  81. 
White,  Maunsel   (D. ),  II,  177;  XXV,  480. 
White,  T.  W.    (M.),  Ill,  96. 
Whitman,   P.   S.    (M.),   IX,  36. 
Whitman,  Sarah  H.   (M.),  XV,  362. 
Whitner,  B.  F.    (D.),  XIX,  317. 
Whitney,  A.   (D.),  IV.  164. 

Whittlesey,  (M.),  XXVIII,  414. 

Whittlesey,  S.  J.  C.   (M.),  XXXI,  358. 

Wilde,  R.  H.   (M.),  1,  13,  99,  186,  187,  231,  252,  318. 

Wilde,  W.  C.   (M.),  XVIII,  654. 

Wilkins,  W.  F.   (D.),  VI,  362. 

Wilkinson,  J.  B.   (D.),  XVI.  535. 

Wilkinson,  R.  A.    (D.),  IV,  229;   VI,  53. 

Willard,  Mrs.   (M.),  I,  538,  539;  XIV,  450. 

Williams,  G.  D.   (D.),  Revived  Series,  II,  392. 

Williams,  J.  R.   (D.),  XXVI,  250. 

Willis,  N.  P.   (M.),  I,  366;   II,  300;   IV,  156,  157. 

Wilmer,  George  F.  (M.),  XXIV,  435. 

Wilmer,  L.  A.   (M.),  II,  40,  366. 

Wilson,  Mrs.  C.  B.    (M. ),  XIV,  450. 

Wilson,   Holt    (M.),   XXVI,   32,   215;    XXVII,   161;    XXIX,   14;    XXXIII, 

241. 


I3TDEX.  137 

Windle,  Mariah  J.   (M.),  XIX,  250. 

Winslow,  Forbes    (M.),  X,  667. 

Winthrop,  William  (M.),  XII,  129,  232,  502;   XVI,  406;   XVII,  521. 

Wirt,  William   (M.),  I,  34;  IX,  422;  XV,  698. 

Wise,  Henry  A,   (M.),  XXIII,  1;   XXIV,  462;   XXVI,  242;    (D.),  XXIII, 

58. 
Wiswall,  J.  T.  (D.),  XXVIII,  551;  XXIX,  42. 
Witler,  R.  B.   (M.),  XXXV,  282. 
Wolfe,  Charles  (M.),  I,  203. 

Wood,  (D.),  XXII,  288. 

Wood,  Charles   (M.),  XV,  734;   XVI,  473. 

Wood,  Mrs.  Jean   (M.),  I,  209. 

Wood,  William  M.  (M.),  IX,  671. 

Woodman,  T.  W.   (D.),  XXV,  442. 

Woodruff,  C.  A.  (M.),  VII,  76,  78,  241,  245,  471. 

Worthington,  Jane  T.    (M.),  X,  303,  545,  616,  731;    XI,  9,  299,   375,  478, 

549,  670,  689;  XII,  82,  198,  349,  512;   XIII,  30,  41,  89. 
Wray,  L.   (D.),  XII,  646. 
Wright,  P.  C.   (D.),  II,  46. 
Wright,  W.  W.   (D.),  XXVII,  296,  526;   XXVIII,  57,  201,  440,  583,  638; 

XXIX,  1,  137. 
Wynne,  James  (M.),  XV,  492. 
Yoakum,  H.  (D.),  XXI,  350. 
Yulee,  D.  L.   (D.),  XX,  492. 
Zimmerman,  J.  H.   (D.),  XVII,  451. 


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